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Question 1

1492

Answer 1

Blood was taken from three young men and given to the stricken Pope Innocent VII. It is the first time a blood transfusion was recorded in history

Question 2

CLOTTING

Answer 2

1869 Recommended sodium phosphate Braxton Hicks (1st to discover)

Question 3

1901

Answer 3

Discovered the ABO blood groups Karl Landsteiner

Question 4

1913

Answer 4

First to succeed in designing a device for performing blood transfusion Edward E. Lindermann He carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula

Question 5

1913

Answer 5

Designed his syringe-valve apparatus for transfusions Lester Unger

Question 6

1914

Answer 6

Reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions Albert Hustin

Question 7

1915

Answer 7

Determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts Richard Lewisohn

Question 8

1916

Answer 8

Introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood Rous and Turner

Question 9

1941

Answer 9

During WWIII, developed techniques in blood transfusion and preservation led to the establishment of a widespread system of blood banks Dr. Charles Drew In February, Dr. Drew was appointed director of the first American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian Hospital

Question 10

1943

Answer 10

Loutit and Mollison of England Introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)

Question 11

1957

Answer 11

Gibson Introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) CPD Less acidic Replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage

Question 12

WHOLE BLOOD AMOUNT IN UNIT

Answer 12

Traditional 450mL +/- 10% of blood (1 pint) Recently 500mL +/- 20% of blood

Question 13

For a 110-pound donor

Answer 13

a maximum volume of 525mL can be collected, including samples drawn for processing

Question 14

The total blood volume of most adults

Answer 14

10 to 12 pits

Question 15

Donors can replenish the fluid lost from the 1-pint donation

Answer 15

in 24 hours

Question 16

The donor’s red cells are replaced

Answer 16

within 1 to 2 months after donation

Question 17

A volunteer donor can donate whole blood

Answer 17

every 8 weeks

Question 18

Blood Components

Answer 18

Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs) Platelets Plasma In recent years, less whole blood has been used to prepare platelets with the increased utilization of apheresis platelets Hence, many units are converted only into RBCs and plasma

Question 19

Plasma

Answer 19

Can be converted by cryoprecipitation to a clotting factor concentrate

Question 20

Clotting Factor Concentrate

Answer 20

Rich in antihemophilic factor A unit of whole blood prepared RBCs may be stored for 21 to 42 days, depending on the anticoagulant preservative solution used

Question 21

RBC BIOLOGY AND PRESERVATION

Answer 21

Three areas of RBC biology are crucial for normal erythrocyte survival and function: Normal chemical composition and structure of the RBC membrane Hemoglobin structure and function RBC metabolism Defects in any or all of these areas will result in RBCs surviving less than the normal 120 days in circulation

Question 22

ADDITIVE SOLUTIONS

Answer 22

Preserving solutions that are added to the RBCs after removal of the plasma with or without platelets Removal of the plasma component during the preparation of RBC concentrates Removed much of the nutrients needed to maintain RBCs during storage

Question 23

Currently, three additive solutions are licensed in the United States

Answer 23

Adsol (AS-1; Baxter Healthcare) Nutricel (AS-3: Pall Corporation) Optisol (AS-5; Terumo Corporation)

Question 24

GENETICS

Answer 24

INHERITANCE Refers to how organisms pass on information in their genes to create new generations of the same species, or variations of the original Mendelian Genetics Classical genetics Refers to the basic law of inheritance Direct result of Mendel’s experiment

Question 25

LAW OF DOMINANCE AND RECESSIVENESS

Answer 25

Preserving solutions that are added to the RBCs after removal of the plasma

Question 26

DOMINANT ALLELE

Answer 26

Affects the resulting phenotype A protein which directs how physical attributes or processes are to be carried on

Question 27

RECESSIVE ALLELE

Answer 27

Do not code for a particular protein when in combination with its dominant counterpart

Question 28

LAW OF DOMINANCE AND RECESSIVENESS

Answer 28

Capital letters - Dominant Alleles Lower case of the same letter - Recessive Alleles Some alleles, which are variants of a particular gene found at the same chromosomal locus or location, are dominant over the other alleles for a given gene Those traits that are not dominant are termed recessive

Question 29

MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT

Answer 29

Plant height The allele that codes for tall is dominant over the short

Question 30

LAW OF SEGREGATION

Answer 30

During the formation of gamete, each gene separates from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene

Question 31

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

Answer 31

The allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene

Question 32

SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE

Answer 32

A biological process which involves the transmission of traits or characters from parents to offspring

Question 33

HAEMOPHILIA

Answer 33

An inherited (bleeding disorder) in X-linked recessive pattern If you have haemophilia, your blood doesn’t clot properly, which makes it difficult to control bleeding