Define immunology.
The study of the body’s defence against infection.
What does immunity mean?
The notion that surviving a disease confers greater protection against it later.
What is variolation?
The inhalation or transfer of materials from a SMALLPOX wound to protect against disease.
Edward Jenner demonstrated what?
That inoculation with cowpox protected the recipient from smallpox (when exposed 2 months later). Earliest case of vaccination.
Define vaccination.
Inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened or attenuated strains of pathogens to confer protection against disease.
What was the first disease to be successfully eradicated thanks to vaccination efforts?
Smallpox
Louis Pasteur developed vaccines against which diseases?
Cholera and rabies.
How were antibodies discovered?
Von Behring and Kitasato saw that animals immune to diphtheria and tetanus showed “antitoxic activity”, as a result of antibodies.
Simply put, what do antibodies do?
Bind to toxins and neutralize them.
What does complementing do?
In conjunction with antibodies, they destroy pathogenic agents.
True or false: adaptive immune responses take time to develop and are highly specific
True
What did Elie Metchnikoff discover on his work on innate immunity?
That microorganisms are engulfed and phagocytosed by MACROPHAGES, providing NON-SPECIFIC defence.
Define an antigen.
Any substance that is recognized by the adaptive immune system.
Who discovered the concept of antiserum?
Paul Ehrlich.
Most immune system cells arise from where?
Bone marrow.
Which immune cell population originate from the yolk sac/fetal liver?
Tissue resident macrophages and some lymphocytes (eg. microglia of the CNS). They seed tissues before birth and self renew throughout life.
What are 3 spots where mature immune cells reside?
Peripheral tissue, blood, or lymphatic system
True or false: lymph drains into blood later
True
From the common lymphoid progenitor, what cell types are generated?
B cells, T cells, NK cells, ILCs
Which cells are generated from the common myeloid progenitor?
DCs, granulocytes/macrophage progenitors, megakaryocyte progenitors
How do most viruses kill cells?
Lysis during viral replication
How do bacteria damage or kill cells
Producing toxins
What are 3 ways that the host deals with pathogenic threats?
Avoidance, resistance, tolerance
Tolerance vs. immunological tolerance?
Tolerance refers to resistivity of damage induced by a pathogen, immunological tolerance means defending against immune responses to the host’s own tissues.
