Name and describe the three functional classifications of joints.
- Syn-arthrosis - immoveable (skull)
- Amph-iarthrosis - slightly moveablee (joints between vertebrae)
- Di-arthrosis - freely moveable (knee, hip and elbow joint)
Name and describe the three types of fibrous joints. Give an example of each.
- Suture - occurs ONLY between bones of the skull
- starts off as fontanel and then becomes synostosis (fuses to create the frontal bone)
- Syndesmosis - Joint held together by a ligament (longer than sutures) , less moveable then ulna and radius
- Gomphosis- only in articulation between tooth and socket
Name and describe the two types of cartilaginous joints. Give an example of each.
- Synchondrosis - articulating bones connected by HYALINE cartilage (SYN-ARTHOSES)
- – epiphyseal plates, costal cartilages - Symphysis - Articulaing surfaces united by fibrocartilage (SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE)
Describe the location and general composition of each of the structures found in a
typical synovial joint (i.e., articular cartilage, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane,
synovial fluid, articular discs, & ligaments).
Articular Cartilage - covers articulating bones in the joint (prevents friction of bones, shock absorber)
just go look at the study guide
In A&P lab you are learning to identify a number of ligaments, some of which are
capsular ligaments (i.e., thickened parts of the fibrous layer of a joint capsule) and others
of which are intracapsular or extracapsular ligaments. Classify the ligaments you are
learning as intrinsic intracapsular or extracapsular ligaments:
coracohumeral ligament iliofemoral ligament
glenohumeral ligament pubofemoral ligament
coracoacromial ligament ischiofemoral ligament
acromioclavicular ligament tibial collateral ligament
coracoclavicular ligament fibular collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
Capsular ligaments - illofemoral , ischiofemoral, pubofemoral , coracoligament
extra capsular - tibial collateral ligament . fibula collateral ligament
intracapsular - ACL, PCL
The shoulder (glenohumeral) joint and hip joint are the only ball-and-socket joints in the body and they are the only joints which contain a labrum. Describe the glenoid and acetabular labrum. Which of these is more effective at stabilizing its joint?
The hip is more stable because of the acetabulum and muscles. The acetabulum strengthen and deepens the hip socket . the shoulder relies on surrounding muscles to be stable.
Describe the structure and function of bursae and tendon sheaths.
Sacs that are lined with synovial membrane
Bursa - flattened fibrous sac
– allows soft tissue to travel across bony surfaces w/o body injury , shock absorber
Tendon Sheath
- cylindrical fibrous sac
- located in placed where tendons can be exposed to friction and wear
What structures and materials protect the bones in the articulation of a synovial joint?
articular capsule
How are joint stability and range of motion related?
a joint cannot be both highly mobile and ver stable @ the same time
What factors affect the stability and range of motion at a synovial joint ?
- Shape of articular bone surfaces
- Number and length of the joint ligaments
- Arrangement of muscles around the joint
- Prescence of other structures around the joints (fat pads)
Name the three cardinal planes and the axis of rotation associated with each.
sagittal plane , coronal plane , transverse plane
- sagittal plane occur around a frontal axis
- frontal plane occur around a sagittal axis
- transverse plane occur around a vertical axis
Explain the difference in movement capability between nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial and
multiaxial joints. Give an example of each type of joint.
non axial - slipping movements (no axis of rotations)
uniaxial - movement in one plane (one axis)
biaxial - movement in two planes (two axes)
multiaxial - movement in or around all three planes (three axises)
Three general types of movements are possible at synovial joints: gliding movements,
angular movements, and rotational movements. Describe each type of movement and
give at least one example of a joint at which this type of movement occurs.
Gliding - when one flat/almost flat bone glides linearly over a bone w/ a complimentary surface
(ankle, wrist and spine)
Angular - changes the angle between bones @ a joint (flexion)
Rotational - Only occurs in a transverse plane (shoulder)
Compare and contrast osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and gouty
arthritis (i.e., gout).
osteoarthritis (OA) - MOST COMMON FORM
*wear and tear arthritis (likelihood increases with age) *
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)- autoimmune disease , affect women more than men (three times more) , age 40-50 y/o most likely
gouty arthritis (i.e., gout)- Develops because of uric acid cysts that deposit in a joint and destroy the joint
Describe the four things that are assessed during the physical examination (inspection and palpation)
of the joints.
INSPECTION
- symmetry
- bony deformities
- inflammation
- alignment
- – sociloisis, lordosis, kyphosis
PALPATION
1. nodes (calcified spurs of cartilage)
inflammation in knuckles
Heberdeen’s
Bouchard’s
Describe normal/abnormal spinal assessment findings.
sociloisis, lordosis, kyphosis
Describe the terminology and types of range of motion of the major joints.
- flexion/extension
- rotation
- abduction/adduction
- pronation/supination
- inversion/eversion
Why does a contracture develop? How is it prevented?
inactivity and scaring from an injury or burn
