1
Q
what are synarthroses? give two examples
A
- fibrous type of joint which allows no movement under normal conditions (for stability rather than movement)
- skull, pelvis
2
Q
three types of joints
A
- synarthroses
- diarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
3
Q
types of synarthroses
A
- synostosis (bone)
- synchondrosis (cartilage)
- symphysis (fibrocartilage)
- syndesmosis (fibrous)
- gomphosis (unusual fibrous e.g. tooth socket)
4
Q
what are synostosis? give an example?
A
- bones fused together by bone
- skull sutures
5
Q
what are synchondrosis? give an example?
A
- bones joined by cartilage
- growth plates
6
Q
what are symphysis? give an example?
A
- bones joined by fibrocartilage
- early pelvis, mandible
7
Q
what are syndesmosis? give an example?
A
- bones joined by fibrous tissue
- early skull, distal tibio-fibular
8
Q
what are gomphosis? give an example?
A
- bones joined by unusual fibrous tissue
- tooth socket
9
Q
diarthrosis
A
- synovial joints
- more mobile with specialised fluid and cartilage
10
Q
how are diarthrosis classified?
A
movement
11
Q
types of diarthrosis
A
- enarthrosis (ball and socket)
- ellipsoidal
- sellar (saddle)
- ginglymus (hinge)
- trochoid (pivot)
- arthrosis (planar/sliding)
12
Q
what is the scientific name for a planar/sliding joint?
A
arthrosis
13
Q
what is the scientific name for a pivot joint?
A
trochoid
14
Q
what is the scientific name for a hinge joint?
A
ginglymus
15
Q
what is the scientific name for a saddle joint?
A
sellar
16
Q
what is the scientific name for a ball and socket joint?
A
enarthrosis
17
Q
amphiarthrosis
A
- outdated term used for intervertebral joints
- include one symphysis and two diarthroses
18
Q
what does articular cartilage and synovial fluid contain which is essential for their function?
A
glycosaminoglycan polymers (polysaccharides containing amino groups)
19
Q
do synovial membranes contain blood vessels and nerves?
A
synovial membranes contain both blood vessels and nerves
20
Q
what is the name for the cells which make up the synovial membrane? what types are there?
A
synoviocytes:
- type A (phagocytic)
- type B (secretory)
21
Q
are synovial membranes complete or incomplete?
A
incomplete with no basement membrane
22
Q
where does synovial fluid come from?
A
secreted by synovial membrane
23
Q
what is synovial fluid composed of?
A
- plasma ultrafiltrate
- hyaluronate (long-chain glycosaminoglycans)
24
Q
what is the role of the synovial fluid?
A
- lubrication
- nutrition (diffusion of nutrients from blood vessels in the synovial membrane)
25
how thick is articular cartilage in dogs?
1mm
26
how many layers of articular cartilage are present on each bone in a joint?
- usually one
- several in ungulates
27
does articular cartilage contain blood vessels or nerves?
- no blood vessels
- no nerves
28
where does articular cartilage receive its nutrients from?
diffusion from synovial fluid, joint capsule, subchondral bone
29
structure of type II collagen protein mesh in articular cartilage
arcade arrangement of collagen:
- tangential fibres superficially
- perpendicular fibres deeper
30
how many matrix meshes does articular cartilage have? what is each mesh made of?
two meshes:
- type II collagen protein mesh (resists tension)
- hyaluronate polysaccharide mesh
31
what is the structure of proteoglycans? what functions do they have? how does the structure provide these functions?
structure:
- fern leaf shape
- protein core
- short GAG side-chains (repel each other and attract water)
functions:
- resist compression
- seeps fluid into joint space for lubrication
- carries dissolved nutrients and gases
how?
- retain water between GAGs which is squeezed out under compression and sucked back in once compression is relieved
32
components of articular cartilage
- type II collagen protein mesh
- hyaluronate polysaccharide mesh
- proteoglycans
33
what drugs cause abnormal development of articular cartilage so should not be given to juvenile animals?
enrofloxacin (antibiotic)
34
what should animals with articular cartilage degeneration be supplemented with? how do these help?
- chondroitin
- glucosamine
- they are precursors of sugar monomers in GAGs
35
role of fibrous capsule in joints, how?
- support joint
- thickens into ligaments
36
ligaments
thickening of joint capsule (NOT always connections between bones)
37
proprioception
the brain knowing the position of joints and limbs in space based off the tension within ligaments
38
functions of ligaments
- joint support
- proprioception
- respiratory reflexes
39
what commonly gets called ligaments which aren't actually ligaments?
- suspensory "ligament" (interosseus muscle became fibrous)
- transverse humeral "ligament" (straps tendon of biceps brachii into the bicipital groove)
40
menisci
incomplete, C-shaped fibrocartilage ingrowths from joint capsules
41
where are menisci found?
2 in each stifle
42
disc
complete fibrocartilage ingrowths from joint capsule
43
where are discs found?
one in each jaw joint
44
purpose of discs and menisci
divides joint functionally into two compartments (with two different movements)
45
labrum
fibrocartilaginous extension to joint surface
46
where are labra found?
hip joints
47
what are fat pads? what is their function?
- type of mechanical fat
- lie between synovial membrane and capsule
- act as padding to reduce abrasion between bones
48
bursa
small synovial spaces (outgrowths from joints) between bones and tendons, muscles or skin
49
osteochondrosis:
- which animals are prone to it?
- what is it?
- symptoms?
- commonly found in fast growing dogs and horses
- disordered ossification of the endplate
- articular cartilage thickens and detaches
- pain and instability
50
hip dysplasia:
- what is it?
- symptoms?
- partly inherited
- joint laxity (looseness), luxation and degeneration
- Monroe gait, exercise intolerance, aggression
51
name a degenerative joint disease
osteoarthritis
52
three causes of osteoarthritis, how do these cause it?
- trauma
- joint conformation
- disease
natural intrinsic repair mechanisms overwhelmed
VAP
flashcards
Decks in class (25)
# Cards
-
Early Development57
-
Truncobrachial junction muscles32
-
Spine45
-
Skin76
-
Imaging35
-
Cartilage and bone49
-
Joints52
-
Muscles and tendons31
-
Hoof and Claw34
-
Body wall12
-
Domestic animals in context23
-
Shoulder and elbow muscles25
-
Antebrachium muscles32
-
Manus16
-
Forelimb Joints23
-
Hip Muscles37
-
Stifle Muscles13
-
Spinal Nerves49
-
Autonomic Nervous System8
-
Cardiovascular, Arteries and Veins26
-
Lymphatics23
-
Development of the Heart11
-
Respiration: Thorax4
-
Lungs and Pleura of the Thorax2
-
Pancreas and Liver16
