A and P Exam 2 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Articulation

A

Site where 2 or more bones meet

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2
Q

Function of joints

A

Give skeleton mobility

Hold skeleton together

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3
Q

Joints are classified on allowed movement

Name 3 classifications

A

Synarthroses - immoveable

Amphiarthroses - slightly moveable

Diarthroses - freely movable

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4
Q

Name 3 structural classifications

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

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5
Q

Define fibrous joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

No joint cavity

Most are synarthrotic (immovable)

3 types

  1. sutures
  2. syndesmoses
  3. gomphoses
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6
Q

Fibrous Joints: sutures

A
  • Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers
  • Allow for growth during youth
  • In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses
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7
Q

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

A

Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)

Movement varies from immovable to slightly movable

Examples:

  1. Synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint
  2. Diarthrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna
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8
Q

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

A

Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets

Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

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9
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Bones unitd by cartilage
  • NO JOINT CAVITY
  • 2 types
    1. Synchondroses - A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone
    2. Symphyses - Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage, slight movement
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10
Q

Synovial Joints

A

All are diarthrotic (free movable)

Include all limb joints; most joints of the body

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11
Q

Distinguishing features of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Articular cartilage: hyaline
  2. Joint (synovial) cavity; small potential space
  3. Articular capsule
  4. Synovial fluid - viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  5. Reinforcing ligaments - capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
  6. Rich nerve and blood supply-detect pain, joint position and stretch, capillaries beds make synovial fluid
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12
Q

Synovial Joints: friction-reducing structures

What is a bursae?

A
  • flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
  • contain synovial fluid
  • commonly act “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendon, or bones rub together
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13
Q

Synovial Joints: Friction-reducing structures:

Tendon Sheath: What is this?

A

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

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14
Q

Stabilizing Factors at synovial joints (3)

A
  • Shapes of articular surface (minor role)
  • Ligament number and location(limited role)
  • Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut

—-Extremely important in reinforcing should and knee joints and arches of the foot

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15
Q

Name the ranges of motion

A
  • Nonaxial - slipping movements only
  • Uniaxial - movement in 1 plane
  • Biaxial - movement in 2 planes
  • multiaxial- movement in or around 3 planes
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16
Q

Structural and Functional Characteristics of body joints

A

Look at the pictures

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17
Q

Movements of Synovial Joints (4)

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Angular movements:

Flexion, extension, hyperextension

Adbduction, adduction

circumduction

  1. Rotation

Medial and lateral rotation

  1. Special movements

Supination, pronation

Doriflexion, plantar flexion of foot

Inversion, eversion

Protraction, retraction

Elevation, depression

Opposition

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18
Q

What is gliding movements?

A

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

Example:

intercarpal joints

intertarsal joints

between articular processes of vertebrae

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19
Q

Angular Movements Description

A
  • Movements that occur along the saggital plane:
    1. Flexion - decreases the angle of the joint
    2. Extension - increases the angle of the joint
    3. Hyperextension - excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
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20
Q

Angular Movements

A

Occur along the frontal plane:

Abdction: movement away from the midline

Adduction: movement toward the midline

Circumduction: flexion + abduction+extension+adduction of a limb so as to describe a cone in space

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21
Q

Rotation

A

The turning of a bone around its own long axis

Examples

Between c1 and c2 vertebrae

Rotation of humerus and femur

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22
Q

Special movements

movements of radius and ulna

A

Supination - rotating palms to be facing forward - hold a bowl of soup

Pronation - palms posterior -pro basketball players dribble with a pronated hand

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23
Q

Movements of foot:

A

Dorsiflexion (upward)

Plantar Flexion (down)

Pronation - flat footed

supination - high arch

inversion - turn sole medially

eversion - turn sole laterally

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24
Q

Picture of inversion and eversion of foot

A

look at picture

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25
What are movements in transverse plane?
Protraction - anterior movement Retraction - posterior movement
26
What is elevation and depression?
Elevation (lifting body part superiorly) Depression (moving body part inferiorly)
27
What is opposition of the thumb?
movement in the saddle joint so that the thumb touches the tips of the other fingers
28
Classification of synovial joints based on shape of articular surfaces (6)
plane hinge pivot condyloid saddle ball and socket
29
What are plane joints?
- Nonaxial joint - flat articular sufaces - short gliding movements
30
Hinge Joints
- Uniaxial joint - motion along a single plane - flexion and extension only
31
Pivot Joints
- rounded end of one bone conforms to a sleeve or ring of another bone - uniaxial movement only
32
Condyloid Joints (ellispsoidal)
- biaxial joint - both articular surfaces are oval permit all angular movements
33
Saddle joints
- biaxial - allow greater freedom of moveent than condyloid joints - each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
34
Ball and socket joints
multiaxial joint most freely moving synovial joints
35
knee joint
- larges mosts complex joint of body - three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity ---femoropatellar joint -----plane joint -----allows gliding motion during knee flexion ---lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunal cartilages) of the tibia -----allow flexion, extension, some rotation when knee is partly flexed
36
superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint showing menisci and cruciate ligaments
See picture
37
Knee joint
- atleast 12 associated bursae - capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons - joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly - anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to ----lateral and medial patellar ritinacula ----patellar ligament
38
What does the capsular and extracapsular ligaments do?
help prevent hyperextension
39
what does the intracapsular ligament do?
- anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments - prevent anterior-posterior displacement - reside outside the synovial cavity
40
Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral)
- ball and socket joint: head of humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula - stability os sacrificed for greater freedom of movement
41
Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule
look at picture
42
Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint, humerus removed
See picture
43
Hip (coxal) joint
- ball and socket joint - head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum - good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket - acetabular labrum - enhances depth of socket
44
See picture of Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
See picture
45
See anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
see picture
46
Temporomandibular Joint
- Mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone - Two types of movement ----Hinge - depression and elevation of mandible ---Gliding ---e.g. side-to-side (lateral excursion) grinding teeth -Most easily dislocated joint in the body
47
Common Joint Injuries
Sprains Cartilage Tears Dislocations (luxations) Subluxation
48
What are sprains? How do we heal?
ligaments are stretched or torn partial tears slowly repair themselves complete ruptures require prompt surgical repair
49
Cartilage tears
Due to compression and shear stress Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind cartilage rarely repairs itself repaired with arthroscopic surgury
50
Dislocations (luxations)
Occur when bones are forced out of alignment accompanied by sprains, inflammation, joint immobilization caused by serious falls or playing sports
51
Subluxation
partial dislocation of joint
52
Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions Name 3
Bursitis Tendonitis Arthritis
53
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, anti-inflammatory drugs
54
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse Symptoms and treatment similar to bursitis
55
Arthritis - General explanation
100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints Most widespread crippling disease in USA Symptoms: pain, stiffness, swelling of joint Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis
56
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Common, irreversible, degenerative arthritis - wear and tear - 85% of all Americans develop 0A, more women than men - Probably related to normal aging process - More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints - exposed bone end thickens, enlarge, form bone spurs, restrict movement - treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams, surgury
57
Rheumatoid Arthrisitis (RA)
- Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease - unknown cause - Usually arises between 40 and 50 but may occur at any age, 3 times more women as men - Signs and symptoms include joint pain, swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, cardiovascular problems - RA begins with synovitis of affected joint - Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, release inflammatory chemicals - Inflammed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus - Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect (ankylosis)
58
Treatment of RA
- Conservative therapy: asprin, long-term use of antibiotics and PT - Progressive treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants - New biological response modifier drugs neutralize inflammatory chemicals
59
Gouty Arthritis
- Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation - more common in men - typically affects the joint at the base of great toe - In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint - treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoid alcohol
60
Lyme Disease
- caused by bacteria transmitted by deer tick - symptoms: skin rash, flu like symptoms, foggy thinking - may lead to joint pain and arthritis - treatment: antibiotics
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