Large v waves
Tricuspid regurgitation, right heart failure, combined left and right heart failure
Rapid x and y descents
Constrictive pericarditis
Rapid x descent only
Tamponade
Large a waves
Tricuspid stenosis, severe pulmonary stenosis, severe right ventricular hypertrophy
Cannon a waves
Complete heart block, ventricular tachycardia, asynchronous ventricular pacing
Slow y descent
Tricuspid stenosis (delayed atrial emptying)
Tall left sided v waves
Severe mitral regurgitation
Large left a waves
mitral stenosis