Where is sustainable development mentioned in the Treaties?
Preamble TEU; Art. 3 TEU (paras 3 and 5); Art. 21(2)(d),(f) TEU; Art. 11 TFEU; Charter Preamble and Art. 37.
What does Art. 11 TFEU require?
Environmental protection must be integrated into all Union policies to promote sustainable development.
What sustainable development objectives does Art. 21 TEU include?
Foster sustainable economic, social, environmental development; eradicate poverty; develop international environmental measures.
What are the fundamental principles of EU environmental policy?
Subsidiarity; Sustainability; Integration; Proportionality; Precautionary principle.
What does the precautionary principle entail?
Lack of scientific certainty cannot justify delaying measures to protect health and environment.
What are the energy and climate objectives in the TFEU?
Art. 191(1): fight climate change; Art. 194: energy efficiency, saving, renewables.
What is the EU’s emissions trading system related to?
EU climate policy and Paris Agreement goals.
How has EU environmental policy evolved?
From market harmonization to autonomous, integrated objective across all policies.
What is the common commercial policy based on (Art. 207 TFEU)?
Uniform principles for trade, tariffs, IP, FDI, liberalization, export policy, anti-dumping.
What is the EU’s status in the WTO?
Successor to MS in GATT; mixed agreements; no direct effect; broad discretion; extensive case involvement.
What is the purpose of FTAs?
Eliminate restrictions among members while keeping tariffs for non-members.
What problem arises with rules of origin?
Transshipment risks; heavy documentation burden for companies.
What do Deep and Comprehensive FTAs include?
Market access; establishment; services; e-commerce; procurement; IP; GIs.
What are EU development objectives (Art. 21 TEU, Art. 208 TFEU)?
Eradicate poverty; support sustainable development; integrate countries into world economy; develop environmental protection measures.
What instruments exist for development cooperation?
Trade preferences; market access; aid; budget support; civil society financing.
How are human rights integrated into development policy?
Negative and positive conditionality; funding depends on HR and governance performance.
Is sustainable development defined in EU law?
No; EU refers to international sources like Brundtland Report and Rio Declaration.
What is the Brundtland definition?
“Development meeting present needs without compromising future generations.”
What is Rio Principle 7?
Common but differentiated responsibility; intragenerational equity.
How does the EU understand resilience?
Ability to withstand, adapt, recover from shocks; result of sustainable development.
What are the 5 Ps of the 2017 Consensus on Development?
People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, Partnership.
What strategic areas does the Consensus cover?
Trade; finance; climate/environment; food security; migration; security.
What are unilateral EU acts for sustainable development?
GSP; measures on sensitive goods (e.g., death penalty goods, conflict diamonds, seals, timber).
