Behavioral science > Karius: learning and memory > Flashcards

Karius: learning and memory Flashcards

(36 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

what are the different types of memory?

A
  • working
  • declarative
  • Procedural
  • short term
  • long term
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe Procedural memory

A
  • aka implicit, non-declarative, reflexive
  • skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic
  • like riding a bike
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the anatomic substrates for procedural memory

A
  • Cerebellum - motor skills

- Nucleus accumbens - non motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Declarative memory

A
  • aka explicit memory

- the conscious recognition/recollection of learned fact and experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 2 forms of declarative memory

A
  • Episodic: memory of events

- Semantic: memory of words, language, and rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe working memory

A
  • you’ve learned it, now you are retrieving it for use

- will look very much like short term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The production of memory and learning requires the induction of what?

A

neuronal and synaptic plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the changes in synaptic function that occur with plasticity

A
  • Post-tetanic potentiation
  • Pre-Synaptic facilitation
  • Long-term potentiation (LTP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the changes in the structure of the neurons that occurs with plasticity?

A
  • Gain/loss of synapses
  • Structural changes in dendrites
  • Structural changes in the soma of the neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Post-Tetanic Stimulation

A
  • brief, high frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron
  • Produces increased neurotransmitter release
  • lasts about 60 seconds
  • The high level of stimulations allowed more Ca to enter to the terminal than could be “dealt” with
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe Pre-synaptic facilitation

A
  • Start with a normal chemical synapse
  • now add another neuron that synapses on the presynaptic terminal of the first neuron
  • when activated this terminal releases serotonin (5HT)
  • leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cAMP
  • K+ channels in the neuron become phosphorylated and opening is delayed thus repolarization is delayed
  • this leads to greater neurotransmitter release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Long-term potentiation

A
  • A series of changes in the pre and post synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released neurotransmitter
  • by definition, this increase in response must last for hours after the stimulation
  • usually follows strong stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mechanism of increased response in long term potentiation in POST synaptic neuron

A
  • increased intracellular Ca: via influx through NMDA receptors and release from intracellular stores
  • increased binding of Ca to neuronal calmodulin: increased adenylyl cyclase activity and increased CAM-kinaseII
  • increase cAMP
  • protein kinase A activation
  • increased phosphorylation of AMPA receptors
  • CAM-kinase II autophosphorylates: leads to prolonged activation. it also phosphorylates AMPA and NMDA
  • increases the amount of current ions flowing into the cell
  • leads to an increased epsp amplitude in response to same amount of neurotransmitter release from pre synaptic neuron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does long term potentiation affect PRE synaptic neuron

A
  • increased Ca in post synaptic leads to activation of NOS
  • produces NO which diffuses out and into pre synaptic
  • increase in cGMP
  • increased neurotransmitter release with future action potentials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Long term potentiation is associated with gene transcription related to increase in what?

A

CREB: cAMP response element binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Learning and the formation of new memories can be blocked by blocking what?

Study These Flashcards
A

protein synthesis

17
Q

what proteins are produced by CREB

Study These Flashcards
A
  • NT synthetic enzymes
  • NT receptors
  • Proteins required for growth/synapse formation
18
Q

in the physiological and anatomic changes associated with synaptic plasticity, list the changes from shortest time to longest time

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Post-tetanic potentiation
  • Pre-synaptic facilitation
  • Long term potentiation
  • CREB
19
Q

What are the processes involved in Creating declarative (Explicit) memories

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Encoding
  • Storage of the information
  • Consolidation
  • Retrieval
20
Q

Describe Encoding

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Attending to new info

- Linking it to previous memories

21
Q

Describe Storage of the info

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Retention of information over time

- Long term capacity not limited . ie your brain has infinite storage capacity

22
Q

Describe consolidation

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Process of making a memory permanent

- Involves physical changes in synaptic structure

23
Q

Describe Retrieval

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Recalling or using the memory
  • Bringing it into working memory
  • Can be modified/lost at this point
24
Q

what are the anatomic substrates for short term memory

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hippocampus
  • Parahippocampal cortex
  • Prefrontal cortex
25
Describe the other interconnections used for short term memory
-interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala via the nucleus basalis of Meynert (cholinergic projection, a particular target of Alzheimer's disease)
26
What is the PHYSIOLOGICAL substrate for short term memory
long term potentiation
27
what is the termporary storehouse for memory
long term potentiation in the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and prefrontal cortex
28
Consolidating memory from short to long term requires what anatomical structures
- hippocampus - temporal lobes - Papez circuit
29
Describe the loop of consolidating a memory from short to long term
-hippocampus --> hypothalamus --> Anterior Thalamus --> Cingulate cortex --> Hippocampus - just a repeating circular loop - the memory is repeatedly sent through the papez circuit thus setting up LTPs and back to cortex . . eventually the limbic system is not required for access of the memory
30
where are long term memories stored
-areas of cortex related to the modality of the individual components . . so visual information stored in visual cortex etc
31
Long term memory . "reassembling" requires what areas
- Neocortex - parahippocampal regions - hippocampus
32
describe the process of recalling/retrieving memories
- information related to each component of the memory is sent to the parahippocampal regions - then sent to hippocampus where the entire memory is "reconstructed" - then travels back though the parahippocampus to the cortex
33
What is important in prolonging the life of the cortical "trace" of the memory
parahippocampus
34
What are the 3 components of working memory (using retrieved memories)
- Central Executive - Phonological loop - Visuospatial loop
35
Describe here each of the 3 components of working memory are located
- Central executive (prefrontal cortex) - Phonological loop (Broca's and Wernicke's) - Visuospatial loop (occipital cortex associated with vision)
36
Describe spatial memory
- Stored in HIPPOCAMPUS - uses special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as PLACE cells - spatial map serves as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory
Behavioral science
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions