Political development
The development of a just political system which allows political actors to wield power in a way that promotes equity
Social development
A type of development which centers around individual and community well being by decreasing needs deprivation
Power
Power is the ability to control or influence the behavior of people and it exists in all social relationships between human beings
Joseph Nye definition of power
The capacity to do things, but more specifically in social situations, the ability to affect others to get what outcomes one wants. Many factors affect our ability to get what we want, and they vary with the context of the relationship
Soft power
Soft power is when actors are drawn towards doing something because they are convinced of the outcomes or see the benefits of complying with established norms (Things like foreign direct investment and ideological values)
Hard power
Hard power is primarily defined in terms of resources and direct action/force (Things like military actions and sanctions)
Smart power
The strategic use of both hard and soft power
Tends to be the most effective form of power
Resource based power
Power that comes from possession of resources. Usually quantifiable or measurable
Relational power
Focuses on utilization of resources as a method of increasing power on the international scale
Structural power
Power that comes from an entities ability to shape the global political system
Sovereignty
The full right and power of a governing body over itself without interference from outside bodies
Internal sovereignty
Refers to the absolute authority of the state within its open borders. Characteristics of this are:
The government should have control over the people living within its borders.
The government to have power to make decisions and enforce laws
The peoples’ acceptance of authority of the state and its government
External sovereignty
The ability of the state to act independently when dealing with actors and states from outside its borders. It is the power a state has when interacting with other states and actors
Legitimacy
State legitimacy means people accept the state’s right to rule over them
Top down legitimacy
Rooted in the idea that authority and legitimacy originate from a central authority or institution and flow towards the population, rather than emerging from the majority of the population
Bottom up legitimacy
Originates through participation from the broader population and provides political power agency to a broad spectrum of society (Democratic Systems)
Interdependence
The mutual reliance between and among groups, organisations, geographic areas and/or states on access to resources that sustain living arrangements
Development
A process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components
UDHR
The UDHR is a landmark document adopted by the United Nations in 1948 that outlines fundamental rights and freedoms for all people, regardless of their background
Positive rights
Positive rights are entitlements that require others to act or provide a specific good or service, such as a right to education, healthcare, or food
Negative rights
Negative rights are entitlements to non-interference, meaning they are claims on others to refrain from acting against one’s life, liberty, or property
Sustainable development
Sustainable development is the process of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Economic development
Economic development is the process of improving the economic well-being and quality of life for a community through wealth creation, job growth, and increased opportunities
Environmental sustainability
Environmental sustainability is the practice of responsible management of natural resources to ensure they are available for future generations
