1
Q
Define Health
A
A complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
2
Q
Define Health Status
A
An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors
3
Q
Define Human development
A
Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
4
Q
Define the Mental dimension of health
A
State if well-being in which an individual realises his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
5
Q
Define the Physical dimension of health
A
Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness
6
Q
Define the Social dimension of health
A
Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way
7
Q
Define sustainability
A
….meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
8
Q
What are the measures of health status ?
A
- Burden of Disease
- HALE (health adjusted life expectancy)
- DALY (disability adjusted life years)
- Life Expectancy
- Under 5 mortality rate
- Mortality
- Morbidity
- Incidence
- Prevalence
9
Q
Health status of Indigenous Australians compared to Non-Indigenous Australians
A
Indigenous Australians:
- Experience greater levels of mortality and morbidity
- M&F LE is approximately 16 years less than non-Indigenous
- Experience higher levels of type 2 diabetes, asthma, nutritional and metabolic disorders, infectious and parasitic disease, cancer and respiratory disease
- Experience poorer Maternal health
10
Q
Determinant differences of Indigenous Australians compared to Non-indigenous Australians
A
Biological - higher insulin resistance, higher levels of high blood pressure, low birth weight, higher blood cholesterol.
Behavioural- more risk-taking behaviour, high alcohol consumption, high smoking rates, high domestic violence, poor diet.
Social- higher rates of unemployment, low SES, poor educational achievement, social exclusion, higher food insecurity.
Physical environment- poor housing, over-crowded, poor roads, reduced proximity to health services
11
Q
Health status of Males compared to Females
A
Men have:
- Higher rates of cardiovascular disease
- Higher rates of mortality due to external causes
- Higher rates of suicide
- Lower Life Expectancy than Females
12
Q
Determinant differences of Males compared to Females
A
Biological- males have larger body weight, females have lower bone density, testosterone- risky behaviour
Behavioural- M less likely to seek medical and emotional help, M more likely to take risks
Social- W more likely to utilise support to improve HS, W more likely to seek health knowledge
Physical Environment- M tend to have riskier work places, M tend to have riskier jobs, M tend to use more transport based work increasing chance of road accidents, M tend to work in areas of higher UV exposure.
13
Q
Health status of Rural and Remote compared to Urban
A
Rural and Remotes experience:
- Lower LE
- Higher morbidity and mortality
- High rates of CVD
- Higher rates of communicable diseases
- Higher rates of maternal mortality
14
Q
Determinant differences of Rural and Remote compared to Urban
A
RR have:
Biological- high blood cholesterol, high rates of obesity, low bith weight, and hypertension
Behavioural- low physical activity, high alcohol intake, high-risk behaviours, high rates of smoking
Social- lower rates of school completion, higher unemployment, higher social isolation
Physical environment- higher risk work, higher UV exposure, More vehicle accidents, higher impact of disasters such as fire and flood, poor roads
15
Q
Health status of Low SES compared to High SES
A
lower SES have a higher risk of
- Lower health status
- Shorter Life Expectancy
- High morbidity and mortality
- Lower quality of life
- Higher hospitalization rates
- Higher rate of cancer
- Increased rates of suicide
16
Q
Determinant differences of Low SES compared to High SES
A
Low SES people experience
Biological- Higher obesity rates, higher hypertension, higher glucose intolerance, lower birth weight
Behavioural- higher rates of smoking, obesity, Alcohol abuse. Poor physical activity, diet and poor access to health care
Social- higher levels of unemployment, lower education levels, less food security, social exclusion.
Physical environment- More exposure to fast food, poor quality housing, dangerous working environments, higher second-hand smoke.
17
Q
What are the NHPA’s?
A
(A-DAD-COMIC) Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions Dementia Asthma Diabetes Mellitus Cancer control Obesity Mental health Injury prevention and control Cardiovascular health
18
Q
Obesity NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
A
- Obesity relates to carrying excess body weight in the form of far that can have negative impacts on health (BMI of 30 or higher)
- Obesity is a determinant for other health issues
- Obesity levels are rising
- Bi) Age, BMR, Hormones, Be) energy dense diet, S) SES, stress, food security
- Live Lighter, victorian government, aims to reduce impact of conditions related to obesity through good diet and exercise. Educational media, (tv&newspaper), web resources; top tips (diet), ‘Am I at Risk’ tool.
19
Q
Cardiovascular Health NHPA ( define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
A
- CVH refers to health of the heart and blood vessels, disease to these include hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke.
- Atherosclerosis main cause for CVD, plaque build up on blood vessel walls.
- Cardiovascular disease is extremely costly (7.7 billion)
- Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in Australia
- Bi) weight, male, Be) smoking, lack exercise, S) low SES, occupation, stress, Pe) transport, recreational facilities
- Live Lighter, victorian government, aims to reduce impact of conditions related to obesity through good diet and exercise. Educational media, (tv&newspaper), web resources; top tips (diet), ‘Am I at Risk’ tool.
20
Q
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions NHPA (define reason, determinant, health promotion program)
A
- Refers to conditions of the bones, muscles and other attachments such as ligaments, tendons, and joints
- Osteoporosis: where bone density deteriorates leaving bone weak
- More than 3 million Australians suffer from arthritis
- Almost 2 million Australians had some form of back pain in 2007-8
- Bi) body weight, Be) smoking, S) SES, Pe) transport
- Bone Health for Life, non-government, aims to provide practical advice for WOMEN and their health professionals relating to achieving and maintaining healthy bones. Web site, fact sheets on osteoporosis and treatment, written and audio resources on prevention. FS translated into 15 languages. Online quiz on osteoporosis and prevention.
21
Q
Injury prevention and control (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
A
- Injury relates to the adverse effects on the human body that may result from a range of different events
- Injury is the main cause of death for people <45
- Most Injuries are considered to be preventable
- Bi) Body weight, age, hormones, Be) alcohol/drug use, S) SES, social exclusion, Pe) Work, transport
- Elmo stays safe designed by the sesame workshop and kids safe aims to prevent child motor vehicle and pedestrian injuries and deaths in Australia. Features a free app that can be used by parents with their children and includes games and activities that teach children how to stay safe around and in vehicles.
22
Q
Mental health NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
A
MI is a broad term for a group of conditions where an individual may experience a chemical imbalance in their brain that can alter the way they perceive their world and cause distressing symptoms. Common MI’s are anxiety and mood disorders.
- Most common non-fatal BoD in Australia
- Prevention and treatment (medication) are very effective
- Bi) Genetic P, chemical imbalance, Be) alcohol/drug misuse, S) SES, stress, social exclusion, Pe) housing, crowded area, noise pollution
- Youth beyond blue, not-for-profit organization, aimed towards 12-25-year-olds to empower young people and their loved ones to respond to depression and anxiety. Raises awareness, reduces stigma and encourages seeking help. Website provides information on depression/anxiety, where to get help/services and personal stories, and tips for loved ones. Works with organizations such as schools and workplaces to promote messages. Uses advertising and media to promote key messages; look, listen, talk, seek help.
23
Q
Cancer control NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
A
Cancer is the general term for conditions involving the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that threaten to damage other parts of the body.
- most cancers are preventable with lifestyle changes
- largest contributor to over all burden of disease
- Bi) Age, weight, Be) Smoking, sun-protection, S) SES, stress, Pe) work environment, air quality/smoke
- Live Lighter, victorian government, aims to reduce impact of conditions related to obesity through good diet and exercise. Educational media, (tv&newspaper), web resources; top tips (diet), ‘Am I at Risk’ tool.
24
Q
Diabetes mellitus NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
A
- Chronic condition in which the sufferer is unable to utilize blood glucose correctly
- Diabetes is a leading contributor to the burden of disease
- Diabetes is a growing health problem in Australia
- Bi) weight, impaired glucose regulation, Be) smoke, accessive alcohol use, S) SES, occupation, Pe) work environment, access to recreational facilities
- Live Lighter, victorian government, aims to reduce impact of conditions related to obesity through good diet and exercise. Educational media, (tv&newspaper), web resources; top tips (diet), ‘Am I at Risk’ tool.
25
Asthma NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways in response to certain triggers
- The most commonly reported long-term condition of 0-14 year olds and is the leading contributor to BoD in this age group
- One of the most frequent reasons for hospitalization among children aged 0-9
- Bi) Genetics, weight, Be) Maternal smoking, S) SES, early life experiences, Pe) work environment, air quality
- The Sensitive choice program, National Asthma council Australia, aims to assist those with asthma and allergies make better lifestyle choices. Encourages manufacturers to supply products that are low irritant and low allergy. Provide customers with a way of identifying products/services beneficial to people with asthma by providing providers to display the Sensitive choice blue butterfly logo on their products
26
Dementia NHPA (define, reason, determinant, health promotion program)
Dementia is a term used to describe many conditions that are characterized by progressive and irreversible loss of brain function.
- in 2010 dementia was the 3rd most common cause of death
- Dementia is the 4th largest contributor to BoD
- Bi) Age, genetics, Be) smoking, physical inactivity, S) level of education, social exclusion, Pe) environmental smoke, access to recreational facilities
- Your Brain Matters, Alzheimer's Australia, Aims to raise awareness and works to reduce the risk of dementia. focuses on improving modifiable risk factors. Provides resources including 5 simple steps to maximize brain health, the brainy app and dementia related help sheets. App includes quiz that identifies you level of risk for developing dementia.
27
Risk nutrients
Cardiovascular health; Carbohydrates, Protein, Saturated and trans fats, sodium
Diabetes Mellitus: Carbohydrates, protein, saturated and trans fats
Colorectal cancer: Carbohydrates, protein, Saturated fats
Obesity: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats
Osteoporosis: Protein, Sodium
28
Protective nutrients
Cardiovascular health: Fibre, Mono/polyunsaturated fats, water
Diabetes Mellitus: Fibre, Mono/polyunsaturated fats, Water
Colorectal cancer: Fibre, Water
Obesity: Fibre, Water
Osteoporosis: Calcium, Phosphorus, vitamin D
29
Biomedical model of health
referred to as the band-aid or quick fix approach, focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It involves trying to diagnose and treat illnesses and conditions once symptoms are present
30
Social model of health
An approach to health that attempts to address the broader influences on health (social, cultural, environmental and economic factors) rather than disease and injury itself
31
What are the principles of the social model of health?
1. Addresses the broader determinants of health
2. Involves intersectoral collaboration
3. Acts to reduce social inequities
4. Acts to enable access to health care
5. Empowers individuals and communities
32
Strategies for health promotion
Advocate- Gaining support from governments and societies
Enable- ensure equal opportunities and resources
Mediate- Relieving conflict caused by changes necessary to promote health
33
Action areas of the Ottawa Charter
```
(Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats)
Build a healthy Public Policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services
```
34
What is vichealth?
also known as the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, is a Victorian government funded body that focuses on health promotion and illness prevention.
35
VicHealth mission
- In partnership with others, promote good health
- Promote fairness and opportunity for better health
- Seek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians
36
Strategic priorities of VicHealth
(PEPPI)
- Promote healthy eating
- Encourage regular physical activity
- Prevent tobacco use
- Prevent harm from alcohol
- Improve mental wellbeing
37
The roles of VicHealth
Funding programs
Sponsorship
Encourage healthy lifestyles in the community
Research and evaluation
38
Roles of the federal government
1. Administration of Medicare (funding, legislation, running)
2. Administration of the Pharmaceuticals Benefits Scheme, PBS, (Funding, choose meds)
3. Quarantine (protection of borders)
4. Funding of the Health system, allocation of funds to state and territory governments
5. Regulation (private health insurance industry, laws on food safety, availability of pharmaceuticals)
39
What is medicare?
Medicare is Australia's universal health insurance scheme. Medicare will pay all or some of the fees relating to many essential health care services. e.g. doctors consultation fees, x-rays, eye tests etc
The Medicare safety net ensures that people who require frequent services covered by medicare receive additional financial support
Public hospital; 100% cover by medicare
Private hospital; 75% cover by medicare
40
How is medicare funded?
- Medicare levy: 2% tax placed on taxable income of most taxpayers
- Medicare levy surcharge: individuals without private health insurance that earn over 90,000 (families earn above 180,000) must pay extra tax. >90k + 1%, >140 +1.5% (makes higher income people get PHI, and relieve burden on public medicare system)
- General Taxation
41
What is the pharmaceuticals benefits scheme?
PBS is a government funded health scheme that subsidizes the cost of certain essential medications, the consumers must make a patient co-payment.
The PBS safety net involves further reducing the co-payment to a concessional rate if a family spends $1453.90 within a calendar year on PBS listed meds
42
What are some roles of the state and territory governments ?
- Provision of public hospitals
- Provision of maternal and child health
- Provision of public dental health
- Provision of ambulance services
43
What are some roles of the local governments?
- Health inspections at restaurants
- Water quality testing
- Removal of waste
- Delivering immunisations
- Meals on Wheels services
44
What is private health insurance?
A type of additional insurance under which members pay a fee in return for payment and cover towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare
The 'gap' occurs when a private hospital charges more than the schedule fee for services that exceeds the amount covered by the insurance company that the patient has to pay out of pocket. (medicare will pay for 75% in private hospitals)
45
What are the private health insurance incentives?
- Private health insurance rebate; policyholders receive a 30% rebate (refund) on their premiums for private health insurance , this rebate is now income tested.
- Lifetime Health cover; People who take up private health insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2 percent on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30
- Medicare levy surcharge; individuals with an income of over 90,000 that do not have private health insurance must pay an extra 1% tax , >140k 1.5%
46
What are the values that underpin the Australian Health system?
(SEE-CARS)
- Sustainable (adequate funding, research, resources)
- Effective (time, tailored to patient, high standard)
- Efficient (maximum benefits, money efficient)
- Continous (uninterrupted, co-operation between specialists)
- Accessible (Right place, right time, non-biased)
- Responsive (respect, client-oriented, privacy)
- Safe (acceptable levels of potential harm)
47
How does the government promote healthy eating?
- Nutrition surveys; collects data on dietary trends which can be used to create needed health programs, e.g. alcohol consumption, salt use, food security, etc
- The Australian Dietary Guidelines; Created by the NHMRC of the federal government, designed to address the causes of an increase in diet-related conditions and diseases
- The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating; Food selection tool based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines, used by consumers, shows proportions of the 5 food group, use produced foods in small amount, drink water
48
What are the Australian Dietary Guidelines ?
1. to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drink to meet your energy needs
2. enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day and drink plenty of water
3. Limit intake of foods containing saturated fats, added salt and added sugars; and alcohol
4. Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
5. Care for your food, prepare and store it safely
49
Nutrition Australia and their actions
Non-government organisation, Australia's major community education nutrition body, focuses on promoting healthy eating and adequate physical activity.
- Publication of recipes
- Preparation and design of publications and resources
- Food industry consultancies
- Development of the Healthy Eating Pyramid
50
What is the Healthy eating pyramid?
A simple visual guide designed by nutrition Australia on the types and proportions of foods that individuals should eat every day for good health. It is based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Contains the 5 food groups AND healthy fats. Pyramid recommends using herbs and spices, limit salt and added sugar and choose water for drinks.
51
What are some social, economic and environmental characteristics of a developed country?
Social; Gender equality, Low birth rates, High employment, High education rates
Economic; Wide range of industries, High average income, low international debt
Environmental; Safe water and sanitation, access to food, Adequate housing and infrastructure
52
Child mortality strata
A Very low Very low Australia, Canda, USA
B Low Low China, Turkey, Mexico
C Low High Russian fed, Ukraine
D High High Iraq, Morocco, Pakistan
E High Very High Kenya, South Africa, Ethiopia
53
Human development index
HDI reflects the level of human development being experienced in different countries and regions. Uses three dimensions and 4 indicators to provide a number between 0-1. Dimensions are Health, Education and Living standards. Indicators are LE at birth, Mean years of school, expected years of schooling and GNI per capita
54
What are the elements of a Sustainable program?
- Affordable: Education (free), affordable to community long-term, costs involved to gain access
- Appropriate: Empower people, respect culture, accessible, address needs of the population, educate women
- Equity: Include women, reach those most in need, programs in slums and rural/remote areas
55
What are the sustainable development goals
2015-2030, 17 goals, aims to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice, tackle climate change.
1. No poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good health and wellbeing
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
8. Decent work and economic growth
16. Peace, Justice and strong institutions
56
Summary of Goal 1. No poverty
Aims to eradicate extreme poverty and 1/2 the no. of people living in poverty by implementing social protection systems, ensuring equal rights and access to essential resources and services and build resilience after natural disasters
57
Summary of Goal 2. Zero hunger
Aims to end hunger and malnutrition by promoting sustainable agriculture, achieving food security, investing in infrastructure and technology and adapting to climate change
58
Summary of Goal 3. Good health and well being
Aims to reduce preventable MMR & U5MR by reducing communicable + non-communicable diseases. They aim to do this by reducing traffic accidents, preventing substance abuse and investing in HC services including medication, reproductive services and qualified HC workers
59
Summary of Goal 4. Quality education
Ensure all children have access to early childhood, primary and secondary education and all adults have access to training and tertiary education to increase skills for employment as well as literacy and numeracy skills. Aims to do this by increasing education facilities, scholarships and qualified teachers
60
Summary of Goal 5. Gender Equality
Aims to achieve gender equality by ending all forms of discrimination, violence, and harmful practices such as human trafficking early marriage and genital mutilation. Also aims to achieve equal opportunities and rights to resources and increase access to reproductive health and ICT.
61
Summary of Goal 6. Clean water and sanitation
Aims to achieve universal and equitable access to clean water and sanitation by involving the community in improving water quality and reducing pollution, improving efficiency and restoring ecosystems
62
Summary of Goal 8. Decent Work and economic growth
Aims to promote sustainable economic growth and decent work for all including young peoples and those with disabilities. They also aim to end child labours, slavery and human trafficking and promote safe and secure working environments
63
Summary of Goal 16. Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Aims to promote peace and provide access to justice for all by reducing all forms of violence, exploitation, corruption & illegal arms flows. They also aim to improve use of legal identity and enforce laws and policies
64
What are the 5 areas of importance of the sustainable development goals?
- People
- Planet
- Prosperity
- Peace
- Partnership
65
Types of aid
Humanitarian (emergency) aid
Bilateral aid
Multilateral aid
Non-government organisation (NGO) aid
66
What are the priorities of the Australian aid system?
BEIGE-A
- Building resilience, humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection
- Education and health
- Infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness
- Gender equality and empowering women and girls
- Effective governance: policies, institutions, and functioning economies
- Agriculture, fisheries, and water
67
The main focuses of the United Nations
- Promoting world peace and security
- Providing humanitarian assistance
- Promoting social and economic development
- Promoting human rights
68
How does the UN promote world peace and security?
- Issue a ceasefire
- Send military observers or a peacekeeping force
- Implementing economic sanctions
- Establish a blockade
- Initiate collective military actions
69
How does the UN promote human rights?
- Provide training in areas of administration of justice, legal reform, and electoral process to help implement international human rights
- Human rights council makes recommendations to member states to improve conditions
- Provide recommendations on policy changes, sanction and military intervention
70
How does the UN provide humanitarian assistance?
- provision of food/water, shelter, medical attention and support to affected people
- Raises billions of dollars from international donors and appeals
- Coordinates responses to various crises through all the key humanitarian bodies
71
How does the UN promote social and economical development?
- Assists governments in implementing policies, programs and strategies that aim to improve economic and social conditions
- Promotes trade opportunities to developing countries
- Providing loans to fund projects that increase economic activity
72
What are the WHO leadership priorities?
(NUISHI)
- Noncommunicable diseases
- Universal health coverage
- The International Health Regulation
- Social, economic and environmental determinants
- Health related millennium
- Increasing access to medical products
73
What are three non-government organizations in Australia?
- World vision Australia
- Australian red cross
- Oxfam Australia
74
Sustainable program for Literacy
Literacy boost program by the NGO save the children,
- Workshops for teachers on teaching methods and how to assess and measure reading skills.
- Teaching teachers songs and games that help to improve literacy
- Provision of a book bank of around 200 books that children can borrow to read with parents/siblings
- Parents are educated on the importance of reading and the role they play in their child learning
- Children can expand the library by making their own books
75
Sustainable program for Food Security
Food for work Program by the NGO World Vision, Provides workers with 6.5 kilos a day for woking on community projects such as infrastructure and expanding rice farms. Builds schools, toilets, roads, bridges
76
Sustainable program for HIV/AIDs
Channels of Hope by the NGO World Vision, Training religious leaders and youth leaders and providing them with the knowledge to accept the use of condoms to prevent the transmision of AIDS/HIV, knowledge about STI's and training to become a trainer themselves. By spreading awareness to religious leaders and youth leaders it can help to break down barriers and reduce associated stigma
77
Sustainable program for Malaria
Nothing but Nets by the United Nations Foundation, Multilateral aid, Purchases insecticide-treated bed nets and provides them to families in sub-Saharan Africa where Malaria kills thousands and effects millions. A family of 4 can sleep under 1 net for 3 years. Families are taught how to use and set up their nets.
78
Sustainable program for Immunisation
Measles and rubella initiative by the NGO American Red Cross. In partnership with UN bodies. Delivers measles vaccines around the world. Provides vaccines to all children regardless of where they live, also provide support during a possible outbreak. Local community members help to spread information about the importance of vaccines. Immunisation posts set up in areas where people can gain easy access such as at schools
79
Sustainable program for Safe water and sanitation
Well and pump building program by the NGO Water aid, Works in areas such as countries with low HDI, areas with little to no access to safe water, and areas with political stability. Involves the creation of wells and water pumps close to houses and villages , increasing access to clean water and providing education on hygiene and sanitation practices such as washing hands. Provides more water for crop growth as well.
Health And Human Development
flashcards
Decks in class (9)
# Cards
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Chapter 6- Health Care In Australia49
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Chapter 8- Global health and human development25
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Chapter 1- Health of Australians24
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Chapter 2- The determinants of health4
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Chapter 9- Sustainable Development Goals46
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Chapter 10- Australian and international aid agencies PART ONE51
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Chapter 10- Australian and international aid agencies PART TWO26
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KEY DEFINITIONS33
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Key Quiz79
