Birth rate
number of live births per 1000 of population per year
death (mortality) rate
number of deaths per 1000 of the population er year
infant mortality rate
number of deaths of infants under the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year
total fertility rate
the avg number of children a mother will birth in her reproductive age
natural increase rate
% change (yearly) calculated by birth rate subtracted from the death rate.
social factors affecting BR & DR
BR:
- education of women (and men)
- access to healthcare
- societal attitudes to contraception/large families
DR:
- access to healthcare
- education of people
economic factors affecting BR & DR
BR:
- income levels + employment opportunities
- access to resources e.g housing + childcare
- economics stability and financial security
DR:
- income inequality
- lower income = worse healthcare as no priv
- cost of living 3
env factors affecting BR & DR
BR:
- urbanisation may lead to lower BR as cost of living higher in urban area, smaller living space, better access to family planning
DR:
- env quality and pollution levels
- exposure to natural disasters
political factors affecting BR & DR
BR:
- govt policies related to family planning vs pronatalist policies
- social support programs
DR:
- healthcare policies, disease prevention and emergency response all influence mortality rates
dependency ratio
proportion of those economically active to those who are dependent
issues with elderly populations
- more welfare spending on benefits
- 2014/15, 55% of welfare spending spent on pensioners - more pressure and spending on NHS
- lower proportion in work, less tax rev
issues with youthful population
- govt spending on education, childcare etc
- larger workforce needed to support needs, so increased pressure
- if fertility rates don’t replace the population, eventually elderly population
how and why do BR/DR vary over time
1) econ development - ↑ healthcare, ↑ living standards, ↑ education all lead to lower BR and DR
2) healthcare advancements - DR down, BR up as more successful births, lower IMR.
3) Contraception - as ↑ developed, better access to family planning/contraception
Stage 1 DTM - tribes in ecuadorian amazon
Why is the BR high?
Why is the DR high?
- Some indigenous groups in Amazon are in stage one, but not all indigenous peoples have high BR and high DR.
- The Tagaeri are an example of an uncontacted tribe in the Ecuadorian Amazon
- exact BR unknown, but indigenous communities to Amazon among few worldwide still practising near natural fertility, w/ no use of modern contraceptives
- exact DR also unknown, expected to be high as lack of sanitation and clean water networks as well as modern medicine. many tribes have low immunity to outside diseases.
Stage 2 DTM - Niger
Why is the BR high?
Why is the DR decreasing?
- niger’s population growth rate @ 3.8% in 2020 (one of highest in world)
- fertility rate highest in the world, 6.8 births per woman, BR @ 45 per 1000.
- DR over halved since 2000 (17 per 1000 to 8 per 1000 in 2020), led to rapid pop. growth
- low contraception uptake: little use of contraception, esp in rural areas where v. few family planning clinics. contraceptive @11% in 2018. = high pregnancy numbers
- agricultural families: agri sector employs approx 85% of population, children needed for labour
- improved clean water access, 7% increase in access between 2012 and 2015. waterborne diseases e.g. cholera major killers in LICs. improved water access reduces risk.
- lower IMR: dropped from 133/1000 in 1992 to 42 in 2020. govt provided free healthcare for kids under 5 since 2006, = more survive
Stage 3 DTM - India
Why is the BR decreasing?
Why is the DR decreasing?
- modern contraception: fertility rate declined by 20% in India in last decade. 67% of married women now use contraception
- improved econ conditions: India’s economy grown, so more ppl can afford to raise fewer children. as children no longer seen as economic necessity, due to ability to be supported by parent’s earnings. GDP / capita increased by 1000% since 1980
- Improved healthcare: significant investments made, led to decline in occurrence of preventable diseases e.g. malaria, tuberculosis, cholera.
- also expanded vaccination programs, helped protect children from deadly diseases like measles and polio. India polio-free since 2011
- better nutrition: avg indian diet has improved recently, = decline in malnutrition and related diseases. India also launched many programs to improve access to safe drinking water + sanitation, helped reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases.
Stage 4 DTM - USA
Why is the BR decreasing further?
Why is the DR decreasing further?
- family planning + contraception: teed fertility declined by more than 75% in recent decades, mostly due to increased availability + affordability of contraception
- age of childbirth: avg age of first-time mums is 27, up from 21 in 1972. increased due to factors like more women in workforce
- public health: Affordable Care Act (2010) helped to extend medical care to poorer citizens. = increasing LE for those over 65 by 2-2.5 yrs.
Stage 5 DTM - Japan
Why is the BR so low?
Why is the LE so high? Why is DR increasing despite high LE?
- age of childbirth: women having kids later, = falling BR. 2019, avg mums first child age was 31, compared to 26 in 1970. having children later in life often means having less kids.
- cost of living: very high in japan. ppl have to consider if can afford to bring up a child, most choose not to. Tokyo annually world top 10 most expensive city.
- diet: obesity rate is lope (4.8% men, 3.7% women). traditionally diet low consumption of red meat, high consumption of fish and plant foods like soybeans an tea
- healthcare: worlds highest LE, excellent healthcare helps. provides free screening processes for many diseases, offers control for infectious illnesses.
food security
concept of having available, accessible, and affordable food that is safe and nutritious so ppl have a healthy lifestyle.
food insecurity
- 1 in 10 people globally experience chronic hunger, as no access to sufficient food
env factors causing food insecurity
- crops and livestock need certain climates to thrive. in extreme climates, food shortages as food cant grow?
- climatic hazards e.g. floods, droughts, storms, wildfires. annual yield severely affected by these events, = food shortages
economic factors causing food insecurity
- LIC’s lack funding for agri tech and innovation. less productivity, and so food shortages
- poorer areas, ppl cant afford to buy food
political factors causing food insecurity
- wars and political instability disrupting food supplies. (high DR, displacement and disruption makes hard to source)
- trade agreements, if no good food supplier may be shortages
effects of food shortages
- lack of food (quantity and variety) so widespread malnutrition and famines
- low quality food consumes as no choice, so illnesses
- deficiencies, so diseases e.g rickets
- malnutrition means cant fight diseases, harder for body to respond
- if supply of food decreases, price increases so unaffordable.
