deindustrialisation
decreasing importance of primary/secondary sector, and the economy shifts towards tertiary and quaternary sector
NIDL (new int division of labour)
recently emerged breakdown of tasks that can be performed by diff groups of people
new: emerged recently
int: across countries in global production network
DoL: work split up in tasks/function efficiently
offshoring vs outsourcing
offshoring - buying land in a diff country and relocating, making own stuff there
outsourcing - employing 3rd party people to do jobs
subsistence farming
the most basic type of agri, where produce is consumed mainly by he family who produces it.
factors causing development in an LIC
- local food supply improves due to investment in machinery and fertilisers
- literacy levels improve
LDC vs LEDC
LDC = least developed countries
LEDC = less economically devloped country
tiger economy
one that grows rapidly
how physical geo has affected development
- landlocked countries develop slower (no ports for X/M)
- small islands are disadvantageous
- natural resource accessibility
how have econ policies affected development
- open economies that welcome + encourage FDI have developed faster than closed economies
- fast growing countries often high saving low spending relative to GDP
- good govt, law, lack of corruption = higher growth rate
how has demography affected development
- countries with lower BR have grown more
- progressed through DTM faster
econ consequences of development gap
- global integration is spatially selective
- 1 of 5 of world’s pop lives on less than $1 a day
- poor countries cant pay for food, agri innovation, investment
social consequences of development gap
- more than 850 mil ppl in poor countries cant read/write
- 1bn ppl don’t have clean water, 2.4bn don’t have sanitation
- 11m children under 5 die from preventable diseases yearly
env consequences of development gap
- poor countries mroe vulnerable to natural disasters
- poor cant adap to climate change
- env degradation from poor farming practises in poor countries
- raw materials in LEDC exploited by MEDCs
political consequences of development gap
- poor countries often non democratic govt, poorly ran
- strong link between development and quality of govt
reasons for globalisation of econ activity
- less world trade barriers
- larger influence of TNCs
- more international migration
- emergence of NICs
cumulative causation
process where a significant increase in econ growth leads to even more growth as more money circulates around the economy (multiplier effect)
cumulative causation process
1) rise in per capita incomes (econ growth)
2) higher tax base, govt get more tax rev so can spend
3) better infra
4) large manufacturing plants established
5) expansion of local job opportunities
6) inflow of business, capital to match increased demand
= secondary + tertiary development
