Key terms

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Thinking activities such as remembering, understanding, problem solving, and decision making, including how people get, use, and store information in their minds

Question 2

Early childhood

Answer 2

Pruning begins and myelination

Question 3

Newborn

Answer 3

the brain begins a rapid period of growth

Question 4

Prenatal

Answer 4

Formations of the brain cells begin in the womb

Question 5

adolescence

Answer 5

Brain develpment process continues

Question 6

Adulthood

Answer 6

Brain development begins to slow down

Question 7

Neurodevelopment

Answer 7

plays a crucial role in acquiring new knowledge, honing cognitive skills and adapting to the challenges of formal education

Question 8

Neurons

Answer 8

Tiny cells in the brain that work together like an extensive communication network

Question 9

Brain stem

Answer 9

The region of the brain that connects to the spinal cord oversees important jobs like keeping the heart beating regularly, controlling breathing, managing blood flow, and controlling automatic actions like sneezing and swallowing.

Question 10

limbic system

Answer 10

Deep in the brain, it is like an emotional control center helping handle feelings like happiness, fear, and sadness.

Question 11

cerebellum

Answer 11

located at the back of the head, the “little brain” helps control voluntary body movements, posture and balance, coordination

Question 12

cerebrum

Answer 12

The front part of the brain is responsible for controlling movement, body temperature, and thinking skills like speaking, problem solving, and decision making; it also handles sensory tasks like seeing, hearing, and feeling touch.

Question 13

prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

decision making, impulse control, emotional regulation, planning, organizing, prioritizing tasks

Question 14

Encoding

Answer 14

refers to the initial processing of information, where sensory input is transformed into a form that the brain can store and use

Question 15

Storage

Answer 15

Involves retaining encoded information over time.

Question 16

feedback

Answer 16

plays a vital role in refining our learning strategies by providing information about our performance, guiding future actions to refine learning strategies.

Question 17

metacognition

Answer 17

involves awareness and understanding of one’s thinking processes, enabling learners to monitor and regulate their learning effectively

Question 18

retrieval practice

Answer 18

Enhances long-term retention by actively recalling information from memory.

Question 19

spacing

Answer 19

strategically spacing our study sessions over time leads to more robust learning outcomes

Question 20

interleaving

Answer 20

mixing different topics or skills within a single study session promotes deeper understanding and transfer of knowledge.

Question 21

feedback driven meta cognition

Answer 21

monitor and regulate learning processes to foster greater self-awareness and learning autonomy

Question 22

desirable difficulty

Answer 22

Introducing challenges or obstacles during learning cultivates resilience and enhances overall learning.

Question 23

research based practices

Answer 23

arise from empirical solid research or methods shown to possitively effect classrom learning

Question 24

evidence based

Answer 24

practices informed by evidence from studies conducted in educational research and learning science

Question 25

neuroscience

Answer 25

The study of the brain and nervous system

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

a part of the limbic system involved in memory, learning, and emotion

Question 27

distributed practice

Answer 27

explores how the brain retains information when learning is spread out over time rather than condensed.

Question 28

learnng science

Answer 28

Investigates how people learn, encompassing psychology, neuroscience, education, and computer science to understand cognitive processes, behaviors, and environments that facilitate learning and knowledge acquisition

Question 29

executive funtion

Answer 29

the set of mental skills that help individuals plan, focus their attention, and remember instructions successfully

Question 30

cramming

Answer 30

Memorizing information very quickly

Question 31

neurodiversity

Answer 31

recognizes and celebrates diversity in neural functioning and cognitive styles

Question 32

neuroplacicity

Answer 32

The brain's ability to reorganize and adapt in response to experiences

Question 33

cognitive style

Answer 33

an individuals typical or habitiual way of problem solving, thinking, percieving, and remembering.

Question 34

growth minset

Answer 34

When a person believes in the power of effort and resilience

Question 35

fixed mindset

Answer 35

When a person sees abilities as unchangable

Question 36

differentiated instruction

Answer 36

Recognizes that every student is unique and tailors teaching to individuals' needs, interests, and readiness level

Question 37

multisensory learning

Answer 37

engages different senses to deepen students learning experiencees

Question 38

social and emotional learning

Answer 38

equips students with the skills and competencies to navigate the complexities of life

Question 39

information processing theory

Answer 39

fundamental concepts for understanding brain function, such as sensory input, working memory and long term memory

Question 40

embodied mind perspective

Answer 40

connection between body, mind and, environment.

Question 41

object permanence

Answer 41

The understanding that something still exists even though it cannot be seen.

Question 42

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 42

Infants learn to rely on caregivers for basic needs, fostering trust, while inconsistencies in meeting them lead to mistrust, suspicion, or anxiety about their environment.

Question 43

autonomy vs. doubt stage

Answer 43

The shame and doubt stage involves a child's journey toward independence and decision-making.

Question 44

sensory exploration

Answer 44

Involve activities that engage the senses, touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste, helping children explore and understand the world.

Question 45

initiative vs guilt stage

Answer 45

Children between the ages of three and six display increased assertiveness by taking the lead in play and engaging in social interactions more actively

Question 46

preoperational stage

Answer 46

Children between the ages of two and seven represent old things symbolically, using symbols to represent words, objects, images, individuals, and concepts, enabling the capacity to mimic behavior through imitation. Sybolic thought.

Question 47

egocentric

Answer 47

Demonstrating cognitive inclination where individuals find it challenging to acknowledge perspectives beyond their own.

Question 48

scaffolding

Answer 48

When the teacher breaks down complex concepts into small, more manageable steps, helping children along the way.

Question 49

conservation

Answer 49

Understanding that specific physical attributes of objects, such as quantity, mass, volume, and number, remain constant even when their appearance or arrangement changes.

Question 50

industry vs inferiority stage

Answer 50

Children between the ages of 5 and 12 develop a growing sense of competence and accomplishment as they develop a greater understanding of their capabilities and limitations

Question 51

concrete operationsl stage

Answer 51

In children between ages 7 and 11, thinking becomes more logical, organized, and systematic

Question 52

reversibility

Answer 52

To mentally undo actions or operations; allows individuals to understand that specific processes can be reversed to return to their original state

Question 53

classification

Answer 53

to categorize objects, events, or concepts based on common attributes or characteristics, enabling children to organize and make sense of their environments

Question 54

Identity vs role confusion stage

Answer 54

adolescence between the ages of 12-17 engages in the exploration and formation of personal identity, including values, beliefs and aspirations

Question 55

formal opertational stage

Answer 55

In adolescence between ages 12 and 17, thinking becomes more abstract, complex, and systematic.

Question 56

Classical conditioning

Answer 56

illustrates how association between stimuli can lead to learned responses

Question 57

reinforcement

Answer 57

increases the likeligood of behavior being repeated

Question 58

punishment

Answer 58

decreases the likeligood of a behavior reoccuring

Question 59

Direct instruction

Answer 59

A teacher-led traditional behaviorist teaching strategy

Question 60

cognitivism

Answer 60

seeks to understand the internal puocesses involved in learning such as perceperion memory, problem solving and decision-making

Question 61

mental schemas,

Answer 61

cognitive frameworks that help people organize and interpret information

Question 62

Blooms revised toxonomy

Answer 62

a framework that categorizes educational objectives into six levels of cognitive complexity: remenbering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating

Question 63

information processing theory

Answer 63

A key component of cognitivism that focuses on understanding the mental processes involved in learning and cogniton

Question 64

Elaboration

Answer 64

The addition of details

Question 65

sensorimotor stage

Answer 65

Infants 0-2 explore through senses and actions, developing an understanding of object permanence and laying cognitive foundations

Question 66

fine motor skills

Answer 66

Fine motor skills involve tiny muscles working with the brain and nervous system to control movements in the hands, fingers, lips, tongue, and eyes.

Question 67

Learning Theories

Answer 67

The conceptual framework explains how individuals acquire knowledge, develop skills, and change behaviors over time.

Question 68

Operant conditioning

Answer 68

Demonstrates how behaviors are strengthened or weakened

Question 69

constructivism

Answer 69

a prominent learning theory in education combining cognitive and social elements, emphasizing active learning, student-centered instruction, and construction of knowledge through personal experiences and interactions

Question 70

self-directed learning

Answer 70

Taking self-directed control of learning, setting goals, finding resources, and solving problems independently

Question 71

Discovery learning

Answer 71

Learning by exploring and independently resolving challenges, using curiosity and problem-solving skills to discover new ideas and concepts.

Question 72

Zone of proximinal development

Answer 72

The Gap between what the learner can accomplish independently and what they can achieve with guidance and support.

Question 73

Social constructivism

Answer 73

Underscores the interplay between individual cognition and social factors in shaping learning; complements the emphasis on social interaction by highlighting the role of observational learning and modeling in knowledge acquisition

Question 74

Aquisition

Answer 74

Learning new information by actively paying attention and engaging wiht the material

Question 75

Consolidation

Answer 75

Organizing and reinforcing new information by connecting it to what you already know and practicing it to remember it.