0
Q
Slang
A
A very broad term for any language which isn’t considered ‘proper’ or standard English but which may be fairly well spread
1
Q
Non-standard English
A
Words/Grammatical constructions which are not considered to be ‘good’ or ‘correct’ English and which are confined to specific regions of the country
2
Q
Colloquialism
A
A loose term which literally means ‘language as it is spoken’; it tends to apply to more well-established examples of informal phrases
3
Q
Standard English
A
Words/grammatical constructions which are generally accepted as ‘correct English’
4
Q
Taboo Language
A
Language which is deeply offensive such as swear words (often called expletives)
5
Q
Vulgarism
A
Language which is coarse and which is not usually used in polite society
6
Q
Transactional Talk
A
Conversation where one party wants something from the other
7
Q
Turn-taking
A
Taking turns within a conversation
8
Q
Status
A
How two parties in a conversation relate to each other
9
Q
Overt/Implied Purpose
A
What the conversation is apparently about
10
Q
Audience
A
Who the conversation is aimed at
11
Q
Register
A
Formality and informality
12
Q
Ellipsis
A
Parts of words/sentences being missed out
13
Q
Lexis
A
Vocabulary/word choice
14
Q
Active Listening
A
Phrases that encourage the speaker
15
Q
Conversational markers
A
Phrases that draw in the listener by asking for approval
16
Q
Linear
A
Conversation that flows between A and B seamlessly without hesitation; rare in genuine conversation
17
Q
Anaphoric reference
A
Refers back to something in a previous sentence, without which the 2nd sentence cannot be understood
18
Q
Pragmatics
A
What the speaker means rather than what they outright say
19
Q
Deixis
A
Demonstrative reference, such as ‘that’ and ‘there
20
Q
Feedback
A
A reply to what is being said
21
Q
Utterance
A
Something someone says
22
Q
Prosodic features
A
Stress and intonation
23
Q
Paralinguistics
A
Body language
24
Grice's Maxim of Quality
Not saying that which you believe to be false; not saying that for which you lack evidence
25
Grice's Maxim of Quantity?
Making your contribution as informative as required, yet no more informative than is required
26
Grice's Maxim of Manner
Being perspicuous, avoiding obscurity of expression, being brief and being orderly
27
Grice's Maxim of Relevance
Saying that which is relevant to the conversation
28
Opting-out
Choosing to opt out of a relation rather than violating it
29
Cataphoric Reference
Referencing forwards to an as yet undisclosed item
30
Accent
The specific way words are pronounced according to geographical region
31
Acronymy
Abbreviations that use the first letter of a group of words and is pronounced as a single word
32
Actor
The individual/entity responsible for the action of a verb process
33
Actual Reader
Any reader who actually engages with the text
34
Actual writer
The 'real' person behind the text
35
Adjacency Pair
Two utterances by different speakers that have a natural and logical link (two turns)
36
Adjectival Phrase
A phrase with the adjective as its head
37
Affected
The person/entity affected by a material action process
38
Agency
The responsibility for/cause of an action
39
Antonymy
Words with opposite value
40
Alliteration
A sequence of words beginning with the same sound
41
Assonance
The repetition of vowel sounds for effect
42
Asynchronous discourse
Discourse in which there is delays between turns that participants take
43
Auxiliary verb
A verb that supports another; shows tense or modality
44
Base form
The simple form of an adjective (serves to modify)
45
Boosting device
Linguistic device used to intensify the force of an expression for either emphasis or power
46
Cantenative Verb
verb that can attach to another (forming a 'chain')
47
Clause
a group of lexical items formed around a verb phrase
48
Clause Patterns
Patterns produced by writers using certain types of clauses for impact and effect
49
Cohesion
A measure of how well a text fits together as a whole
50
Comparative
The form for comparing two items (adjectives with -er)
51
Complementary
Truly opposite antonyms
52
Complex Sentence
Sentence with a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
53
Compound Sentence
Sentence with two or more main clauses, connected by conjunctions or punctuation
54
Compound-Complex Sentence
Sentence with at least two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause
55
Conceptual metaphor
The way in which abstract terms are mapped onto physical entities through an underlying conceptual structure
56
Connective
A word that connects words, phrases, clauses, sentences or paragraphs
57
Connotation
An associated, symbolic meaning relying on culturally shared conventions
58
Consonance
The repetition of consonant sounds for effect
59
Constraints
The way in which powerful participants may block or control the contributions of less powerful participants
60
Context of production
The situation in which a text is produced and those factors that might influence its writing
61
Context of reception
The situations in which a text is produced and those factors that might influence its writing
62
Convention
An agreed or shared feature
63
Cooperative principe
The principle that suggests that all communication is essentially a cooperative act
64
Coordinating Conjunctions
Words such as "and", "but" and "or" that link clauses to form compound sentences
65
Covert Prestige
A form of high status given to non-standard forms
66
Denotation
Literal or semantic meaning of a lexical term
67
Deontic modality
Constructions that express degrees of necessity and obligation (eg. "may"; "must")
68
Dialect
The language variety of a geographical region or social background
69
Direct Object
Object directly affected by a verb process, for example in "I gave him the pen", the pen is the direct object
70
Discourse
A continuous stretch of language that is longer than a sentence
71
Discourse Marker
A word or phrase that indicates a change in topic or return to a previous topic
72
Ditransitive Verb
A verb that requires two objects to form a double-object construction, such as "give", "grant" or "tell"
73
Dynamic Verbs
Verbs where the situation described by the verb process changes over time
74
Dysphemism
A harsh and often taboo term sometimes used for a dark/humorous effect
75
Elision
The missing out of sounds or parts of words in speech or written language
76
Ellipses
The missing out of a word or words in a sentence
77
Epistemic Modality
Constructions that express degrees of possibility, probability or certainty (such as "shall" and "will")
78
Euphemism
A socially acceptable word or phrase used to avoid talking about something potentially distasteful
79
Exchange Structure
A series of turns between speakers
80
Explicative evaluation
Explaining reasons for narrative events
81
External evaluation
An evaluative comment outside the narrative sequence
82
Face
A person's self-esteem or emotional needs
83
Face-threatening Act
A communicative act that threatens someone's positive or negative face needs
84
Flaming
The act of posting aggressive threats or responses to threads
85
Folklinguistics
Attitudes and assumptions about language that have no real evidence to support them
86
Formulation
The rewording of another's contribution by a powerful participant to impose a certain meaning/understanding
87
Functional Words
Words that have less explicit meaning and serve to highlight relationships between other words ("then", "as", "if", "he", "she", "the", "a")
88
Gender
The differences in behaviour and roles that are a result of societal expectations
89
Gradable
Antonyms that are not exact opposites but can be considered in terms of degree of quality
90
Greetings sequence
A series of turns designed to initiate a shared social space
91
Hedging Device
A linguistic device used to express uncertainty
92
Homophone
A word that sounds the same as another word or words
93
'How are you' sequences
Examples of phatic talk that maintain the social relationship before the main business of a call/conversation
94
Hyponymy
The term for the hierarchical structure that exists between lexical items
95
Idiolect
An individual style of speaking or 'linguistic fingerprint'
96
Implied reader
The kind of reader a text producer has in mind when writing a text
97
Implied Writer
A constructed image of the writer a reader may have in mind
98
Indirect object
An object indirectly affected by a verb process (eg. "I gave him the pen"; "him" is the indirect object)
99
Influential Power
Power used to influence/persuade others
100
Initialism
An abbreviation that uses the first letter of a group of words and is pronounced as individual letters
101
Initiation-Response-Feedback
A triadic structure in speech that allows the first speaker to feedback on the response of the second speaker
102
Instrumental Power
Power used to maintain and enforce authority
103
Intransitive Verb
A verb process such as 'yawned' or 'slept' that has no object
104
Jargon
Particularly specialist terminology that may exclude others
105
Less powerful participants
Those with less status in a given context who are subject to constraints imposed by more powerful participants
106
Lexical accomodation
The way in which speakers mirror each other's lexical choices as a sign of community membership
107
Lexical (semantic) field
Lexical items that are similar in range of meaning and properties
108
Lexical Onomatopoeia
Actual lexical items that rely on a similarity between sound and meaning (eg. "crash" and "bang")
109
Lexical word
words that carry explicit meanings and represent the word classes that are open to new additions and derivations
110
Main clause
A clause that can stand on its own and make sense independent of anything else
111
Main verb
The verb that details the main process in a verb phrase
112
Marked form
That which stands out as different from a norm
113
Material processes
Describing actions or evenets
114
Members' Resources
The vast amount of background knowledge and information that readers use in order to interpret texts and which may be explicitly drawn upon by text produces
115
Metalanguage
A set of technical terms used to describe how language operates
116
Metatalk
Talk that brings attention to the act of talking itself
117
Minor sentence
A grammatically incomplete sentence
118
Mixed-mode features
Features expected in printed text combined with features expected in conversation
119
Modal auxiliary verb
Verbs that never appear on their own and are used to express probability, possibility, certainty, necessity or obligation
120
Mode
The medium of communication
121
Modifier
A word, usually an adjective or a noun used attributively, that qualifies the sense of a noun
122
Monotransitive verb
A verb that only requires one object
123
Morpheme
The smallest unit of grammatical meaning; can be words in their own right or combine with other morphemes to form lexical units
124
Multimodal texts
Those that combine word, image and sound to produce meaning
125
Negating particle
A small item used to show negation
126
Negative face
The need to have freedom of thought and action and not feel imposed on
127
Non-lexical onomatopoeia
Non-words that work in the same way as lexical onomatopoeia
128
Noun phrases
A group of words centred around a noun
129
Object pronoun
A pronoun that usually appears as being affected by a verb process (eg. "him" and "them")
130
Oppressive discourse strategy
Linguistic behaviour that is open in its exercising of power and control
131
Over-specificity
The giving of a too specific answer
132
Overt marking
Marking that takes place through affixation or modification
133
Parallelism
The repetition of a pattern or structure in related words, phrases or clauses
134
Personal power
Power held by individuals as a result of their roles in organisations
135
Personification
A figure of speech where an animal or inanimate object is given human characteristics
136
Phatic speech acts
Turns designed to maintain a sense of cooperation or respect for the other speaker
137
Positive and negative politeness strategies
Redressive strategies that a speaker might use to avoid or mitigate face-threatening acts
138
Positive face
The need to feel wanted, liked and appreciated
139
Possessive pronoun
A pronoun that demonstrates ownership
140
Post-modification
A modifying phrase or lexical item that occurs after the head noun in a noun phrase
141
Power asymmetry
A marked difference in the power status of individuals involved in discourse
142
Powerful Participant
A speaker with a higher status in a given context, who is therefore able to impose a degree of power
143
Pre-closing sequences
Signals that one or both speakers wish to end the conversation
144
Pre-modification
Modifying that occurs before the head noun
145
Prepositional phrase
A phrase consisting of a preposition and an added noun phrase
146
Primary auxiliary
Used to donate tense changes ("do", "be", "have")
147
Prosodic features
Paralinguistic vocal elements of spoken language used to provide emphasis or other effects
148
Qualifier
Further information to complete the phrase
149
Semantic derogation
The sense of negative meaning or connotation that some lexical items have attached to them
150
Semantic deterioration
The process by which negative connotations become attached to lexical items
151
Semantics
The method that deals with meaning and how that is generated within texts
152
Semi-auxiliary
A combination of a primary auxiliary and another verb part
153
Simple sentence
A sentence consisting of a single main clause
154
Small talk
Talk that is primarily interactional in orientation and is geared towards establishing relationships
155
Social group power
Power held as a result of being a member of a dominant social group
156
Socailisation
A process by which individuals' behaviours are conditioned and shaped
157
Sociolect
A defined use of language as a result of membership of a social group
158
Specialist register
A set of lexical items and grammatical constructions particular to an institution or occupational group
159
Standard English
A universally accepted dialect of English that carries a degree of prestige
160
Stative verb
A verb that describes a state of affairs rather than an action
161
Subject pronoun
A pronoun that usually occurs as the actor in the verbal process
162
Subordinate
A 'lower' word in the hyponymic chain; a more specific lexical item
163
Superlative
Adjectives inflected with "est" or combined with "most" are superlatives
164
Synchronous discourse
Discourse that takes place in real time
165
Synonymy
Words with very similar semantic value
166
Synthetic personalisation
The way in which advertising and other forms of communication use personalised language such as the second person
167
Tag question
A group of words that turn a declarative into an interrogative
168
Topic management
The control of the conversation in terms of speaking and topic
169
Transition relevance point
A point at which it is natural for another speaker to take a turn
170
Turn-taking
The sharing of speaking roles, usually cooperatively
171
Under-specificity
Inappropriately vague answer to a question
172
Unequal encounter
An alternative term for asymmetrical which highlights that one speaker has power over the other
173
Unmarked form
The measured norm
174
Utterance
A group of spoken words
English Language AS
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