keypoints per task

Question 1

intro to memory and animal models (1.1)

- what are the neural systems of memory?

Answer 1

• implicit
• explicit memory (episodic + semantic)
• example human (h.m, anterograde and temporally graded amnesia) and rodent (contextual fear conditioning)

Question 2

intro to memory and animal models (1.2)

- what are the neural circuits and molecular mechanisms of memory?

Answer 2

• circuit - ltp , schaffer collaterals

- molecular - normal vs ltp , NMDA-AMPA , shaffer collaterals

Question 3

intro to memory and animal models (1.3)

- what are animal paradigms to study memory?

Answer 3

rodents - morris water maze, contextual fear conditioning, radial arm maze
bats - 2 d vs 3d +place cells
nhp -hard

Question 4

intro to memory and animal models (1.4)

- what are the imaging methods for animal research?

Answer 4

• electrophysiology
• two-photon imaging
• neural pertubation methods (electrical micro stimulation + chemo/opto genetics )

Question 5

spatial representations (2.1) 
- what are the spatial representations of the hippo?

Answer 5

• place cells
• head direction cells
• grid cells
• border cells
• other - speed and object vector cells

Question 6

spatial representations (2.2) 
 - why are there spatial cells?

Answer 6

• How does the activity of the different cell types allow us to navigate? 1. All other spatial cells provide input for place cells - If place cells are the substrate of the cognitive map, then perhaps all the other cells provide the necessary input to create the map (For example, border cells indicate the proximity of boundaries, head direction cells provide anchoring to external cues, etc) or some suggest input from grid cells of different scales to the hippocampus can generate a place cell

Question 7

spatial representations (2.3) 
- what is the relationship between spatial rap and memories?

Answer 7

• wood et al (2000) - predictive coding
• klaus et al (2013) - temporal coding
• aranov et al (2017) - auditory coding

Question 8

memory replay (3.1)
-what are the 2 dominant theories of hippo function?

Answer 8

• consolidation - kim and fanselow (1992)

- imagination

Question 9

memory replay (3.2)
- what is hippo replay and function?

Answer 9

• reactivation - slow wave sleep + awake time - trajectories
• wilson and mcnaughton (1994) . hebbian plasticity
• swrs , ca3
• functions are many: consolidation, planning, retrieval, imagination, memory maintenance, temporal credit assignment

Question 10

memory replay (3.3)
- methods

Answer 10

rank order correlations approach - small scale

bayesian decoding approach - large scale, replay trajectory, reverse replay, ratemaps , probability distribution

Question 11

memory replay (3.4)
- replay for memory consolidation

Answer 11

• swrs
• reverse replay
• olafsdottir (2016)
• foster and wilson (2006)
• girardeau (2009)
• maingret (2016)
• gridchyn (2020) - one of the most important ones

Question 12

memory replay (3.5)
- replay for planning

Answer 12

• singer (2013)
• jadhav et al. (2012)
• olafsdottir (2017)
• pfeiffer (2013)
• WM

Question 13

memory replay (3.6)
- memory replay and immagination?

Answer 13

• gupta (2010)
• olafsdottir (2015)
• preplay

Question 14

memory development (4.1)
- how do memory capabilities develop/emerge in the first years of life?

Answer 14

excitatory neurons
glun2a glun2b and camkii
infantile amnesia 
- green and stanton (1982) + campbell (1962)
- vargha-khadem (2001)
-guskjolen (2018) 
developmental amnesia

Question 15

memory development (4.2) 
- what are the molecular changes underlying memory development? (key players?)

Answer 15

NMDArs (glun1, glun2a, glun2b) and ampa

camkii

Question 16

memory development (4.3)
- does neuronal circuit change underlying memory development? how do hippocampal circuits develop?

Answer 16

donato et al (2017) - stellate cells
spatial representations
lfp
thata
swrs
replay

Question 17

neural basis of plasticity (5.1)

- what is synaptic plasticity?

Answer 17

• proteins, dynamic system, mRNA
• structural vs synaptic connectivity
• ionotropic vs metabotropic
• glutamate uncaging, PSD-95
• LTP

Question 18

neural basis of plasticity (5.2)

- what are the models to deliver proteins to synapses?

Answer 18

• sushi belt model, microtubules, motor paint technique (TAS, 2007; doyle 2011)
• local mRNA translation, PSD-95, FRET
  (afner, 2019)
• surface diffusion, puromycilation, expansion microscopy
  (afner 2015; opazo 2011)

Question 19

semantic memory (6.1) 
- is there declarative memory in rodents?

Answer 19

…

Question 20

semantic memory (6.2) 
- what is the whole brain network?

Answer 20

• consolidation, memory hubs, dmn

Question 21

semantic memory (6.3) 
- theories of memory consolidation

Answer 21

• complementary learning system theory

- multiple trace theory

Question 22

semantic memory (6.4) 
- how is semantic memory tested in rodents?

Answer 22

• reference memory - water maze, barnes maze, radial arm maze
• gist - wiltgen (2010)
• roc curves - yonelinas (2005)
• schema

Question 23

semantic memory (6.5) 
- role of pfc in encoding?

Answer 23

-

Question 24

semantic memory (6.6) 
- what does the hfp do?

Answer 24

• space - memory , path integration
• episodic memory
• index theory
• pattern completion - separation
• scene reconstruction

Question 25

WM (7.1) - what is wm?

Answer 25

- history | - definition (baddeley)

Question 26

WM (7.2) - tasks for testing wm?

Answer 26

``` dnms radial arm maze n back task wm capacity tests short term - delayed response task or dms task ```

Question 27

WM (7.3) - what are the neural correlates of wm?

Answer 27

- delay period - goldman-rakic - inagaki 2019 - persistent intrinsic firing (local excitatory networks + mutual inhibition) - attractor dynamic - persistent stimulus-selective activity - dotson 2018 - sensorimotor transformation - masse 2020 goldman-rakic, miller - gamma range oscillations - lundqvist 2018

Question 28

Stress (8.1) - how does stress influence memory?

Answer 28

- NE gold 1975, liang 1986 - BLA - NE and glucorticoids quirarte, 1997- dexamethasone roozendaal, 2006 - object recognition task

Question 29

Stress (8.2) - amygdala and effects on encoding, consolidation and retrieval

Answer 29

``` roozendaal 1999 cahill and mcnaugh 1998 van stegeren 2005 beta blocker time-dependent impairment accuracy vs generalization ```

Question 30

stress (8.3) - habituation (object in context memory)

Answer 30

.

Question 31

stress (8.4) - memory accuracy

Answer 31

NE in bla miR-134 in hippo muscimol

Question 32

Neural basis - PSD composition - what proteins are specifically at the synapse? Task 5

Answer 32

``` 6% ionotropic receptors 7%adhesion molecules 11% kineases 6% scaffolding proteins (including PSD 95) 12% cytoskeleton actin ```