Physiology > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of the excretory system:

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

Functions of kidneys:

A
  • excrete wastes as urine
  • homeostasis of body fluid and blood volume
  • electrolyte balance
  • balance pH
  • produce and secrete hormones and vasoactive substances
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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal: on posterior wall of abdomen behind peritoneum

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4
Q

Function of ureters:

A
  • 1 in each kidney

- transports urine from renal pelvis into urinary bladder via peristaltic contractions induced by stretching of ureters

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5
Q

Ureters have what kind of muscles and is under what kind of control?

A
  • smooth muscles

- myogenic control

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6
Q

Structure of urinary bladder:

A

layers of smooth muscle surround transitional epithelium lining and has an internal sphincter

  • muscles are stretch activated and produces spontaneous APs
  • not under conscious control
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7
Q

How do PNS fibers affect urinary bladder?

A

causes sustained contractions of the smooth muscles

- promotes emptying

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8
Q

Function of urinary bladder:

A

stores urine until micturition (pee)

- empties into urethra

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9
Q

How do SNS fibers affect urinary bladder?

A

causes contraction of internal sphincter

- prevents emptying

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10
Q

The urethra passes through…

A

the urogenital diaphragm

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11
Q

Structure of urethra:

A

skeletal muscle forms external sphincter

- under voluntary control

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12
Q

Examples of waste products:

A
  • metabolites
  • end products of hemoglobin and hormone metabolism
  • drugs
  • pesticides
  • toxins
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13
Q

Examples of metabolites:

A
  • urea (byproduct of aminio acid)
  • uric acid (byproduct of nucleic acid)
  • creatinine (byproduct of muscle)
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14
Q

How do the kidneys regulate homeostasis of body fluids?

A

via regulation of water and NaCl excretion

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15
Q

How do the kidneys balance pH?

A
  • maintained via plasma buffers

- aided by actions of lungs, liver, and kidney

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16
Q

What hormones do the kidneys secrete?

A
  • erythropoietin
  • renin
  • calcitriol
  • prostaglandins and thromboxane
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17
Q

Function of erythropoietin:

A

in response to low O2 to stimulate RBC production

- eventually increases O2 level

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18
Q

Function of renin:

A

in response to low BP to activate angiotensin (vasoconstrictor)
- activates aldosterone to increase Na+ retention -> increase blood volume -> increase blood pressure

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19
Q

Function of prostaglandins and thromboxane:

A

vasoactive products that act locally

  • afferent arteriole vasodilation
  • increase in Na+ and H2O secretion
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20
Q

Function of calcitriol:

A

increases intestinal Ca2+ absorption and deposition into bone

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21
Q

Function of NSAIDs on kidneys:

A

block COX 1 and 2 (prostaglandins)

  • Na+ and H2O retention
  • hypertension
  • hemodynamic acute kidney injury
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22
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

indentation on surface of kidney

  • where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit kidney
  • where ureter leaves kidney
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23
Q

Kidney is surrounded by…

A

dense CT capsule

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24
Q

Kidneys are internally divided into…

A
  • cortex: vascular outer portion
  • medulla: inner portion that is organized into lobes that have renal pyramids
  • pelvis: innermost portion that collects urine
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25
The medulla of the kidneys drain into...
minor calyces
26
The pelvis of the kidneys empty into the...
ureter
27
Kidneys receive how many percent of cardiac output at rest?
25%, which is the highest basal flow of any tissue under basal conditions
28
What is the order of blood flow to the kidneys?
1. renal artery, which branches many times 2. interlobular arteries 3. arcuate arteries 4. afferent arterioles 5. glomerulus 6. efferent arterioles (peritubular capillaries and vasa recta) 7. arcuate veins 8. small veins 9. renal veins
29
What supplies blood to the glomerulus?
afferent arterioles
30
What is the glomerulus and what is its function?
- ball of fenestrated capillaries | - forms urine
31
Glomerulus is drained by...
efferent arterioles, which are smaller than afferent arterioles - maintains high hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus, which facilitates filtration
32
Glomerulus supplies blood to ____, which in turn supplies blood to...
- peritubular capillaries in the renal cortex | - proximal and distal convoluted tubule of nephron, as well as vasa recta
33
Function of peritubular capillaries in the renal cortex:
- deliver substances to nephron for secretion - return reabsorbed water and solute to blood - supply blood to vasa recta
34
Where are the vasa recta located?
renal medulla | - accompanies loop of Henle in nephron
35
Peritubular capillaries drain to...
arcuate veins -> renal veins
36
Lymphatic vessels are present in _____ but not in _____
- cortex | - medulla
37
How is the kidney innervated?
- via SNS | - no PNS
38
SNS innervation effect on the kidney:
- vasoconstricts afferent arterioles to regulate glomerular filtration - stimulates release of renin from granular cells
39
What is the functional unit of the kidney called?
nephron, which creates urine
40
T/F: nephron can be regenerated
F, only get what you get at birth and number decreases with age
41
Nephron undergoes three processes to make urine. What are they?
- glomerular filtration - reabsorption - secretion
42
What happens during glomerular filtration?
- fluid and dissolved solutes from glomerulus flow into Bowman's capsule - only selective of size - occurs a lot
43
What happens during reabsorption in the nephron?
- nutrients, ions, and fluids go from nephron into plasma - occurs everywhere in the nephron distal to Bowman's capsule - occurs a lot
44
What happens during secretion in the nephron?
- wastes move from plasma into nephron - occurs everywhere in the nephron distal to Bowman's capsule - no big impact on body except for K+ and H+
45
Reabsorption and secretion of the nephron are _____ selective
highly - glucose and amino acids: completely absorbed - inulin: not absorbed at all - H+ and HCO3-: variably absorbed/secreted
46
Basic structure of the nephron:
- renal corpuscle | - renal tubule
47
What makes up the renal corpuscle of the nephron?
- Bowman's capsule | - glomerulus
48
Glomerulus is supplied by _____ and it drains into ____
- afferent arterioles | - efferent arterioles
49
Structure of glomerulus:
- fenestrated endothelium | - basement membrane
50
There is a high ____ in the glomerulus, which results in...
- hydrostatic pressure | - ultrafiltrate (protein free fluid) moving from plasma into Bowman's capsule
51
Structure of Bowman's capsule:
- surrounds glomerulus - filtration membrane made of capillary wall of glomerulus, fused basement membrane, and podocytes - dumps into the renal tubule
52
Podocytes in Bowman's capsule create...
slit like connections between cells, which are freely permeable to water and small solutes
53
What excludes large proteins from passing the filtration membrane of the Bowman's capsule?
- size of pores | - negative charges
54
What can indicate kidney disease?
proteins in urine
55
What makes up the renal tubule?
- proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
56
Structure of PCT:
- in cortex with peritubular capillaries - cuboidal cells with dense brush border on apical surface - highly invaginated basolateral membrane w/ lots of mitochondria
57
PCT receives fluid from...
Bowman's capsule
58
PCT is the major site of...
reabsorption and some secretion
59
Structure of loop of Henle:
- thin descending loop: dips into medulla - thin ascending loop: both ascending goes back to cortex - thick ascending loop - vasa recta in opposite direction
60
Function and structure of thin descending loop:
- water gets reabsorbed and returned to ascending vasa recta | - squamous epithelium with few mitochondria
61
What happens in the thin ascending loop?
Na+ gets passively absorbed and returned to vasa recta
62
What happens in the thick ascending loop and what is the structure?
- Na+ gets actively absorbed and returned to descending vasa recta - impermeable to water - at junction of afferent arteriole: efferent arteriole and glomerulus form juxtaglomerular apparatus
63
Structure and function of DCT:
- cuboidal epithelium - no brush border - few invaginations - in cortex with peritubular capillaries - electrolyte balance
64
Two or more DCT join to form...
cortical collecting tubule, which is where DCT drains into
65
T/F: collecting tubule and duct system are part of the nephron
F, it is not
66
Collecting tubule passes through the _____ and collects _____
- medulla (water permeability dependent on [ADH]) | - collects urine
67
Collecting tubule dumps into the...
renal calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter
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