Knee

Question 1

Normal ROM for knee flexion?

Answer 1

130–150°

Question 2

Normal ROM for knee extension?

Answer 2

0° (0–15° hyperextension not uncommon)

Question 3

Goniometer axis for knee flexion/extension?

Answer 3

Lateral epicondyle of femur

Question 4

Goniometer stationary arm for knee ROM?

Answer 4

Lateral midline of femur, toward greater trochanter

Question 5

Goniometer mobile arm for knee ROM?

Answer 5

Lateral midline of fibula, toward lateral malleolus

Question 6

Patient position for knee flexion/extension ROM?

Answer 6

Supine with knees extended, hip in neutral; towel under heel for extension

Question 7

How do you cue AROM knee extension?

Answer 7

Ask patient to ‘push the back of your knee toward the table’

Question 8

How do you apply PROM force for knee extension?

Answer 8

Force applied anteriorly just proximal and just distal to the knee joint

Question 9

Zero Neutral documentation if patient achieves full knee extension?

Answer 9

Flexion 0–130°; Hyperextension 0–4°

Question 10

Zero Neutral documentation if patient cannot achieve full knee extension (e.g., lacks 12°)?

Answer 10

Flexion 12–130°; Extension lacking 12°

Question 11

Alternative documentation if patient achieves full extension/hyperextension?

Answer 11

4°–0°–130°

Question 12

Alternative documentation if patient cannot achieve full extension (e.g., lacks 12°)?

Answer 12

12°–130°

Question 13

Normal hamstring length by straight leg raise?

Answer 13

70–80° of hip flexion with knee fully extended

Question 14

Popliteal angle test: patient position?

Answer 14

Supine, ipsilateral hip flexed to 90°, neutral frontal/transverse plane, knee flexed; contralateral hip neutral

Question 15

Popliteal angle test: what is measured?

Answer 15

The angle lacking from vertical (goniometer axis: lateral epicondyle; stationary: lateral midline of femur; moving: lateral midline of fibula)

Question 16

Ober Test: purpose?

Answer 16

Assesses TFL/IT band length (knee flexed)

Question 17

Modified Ober Test: how does it differ?

Answer 17

Knee is extended instead of flexed (tests TFL more purely)

Question 18

Ober Test: positive finding?

Answer 18

Thigh does not reach horizontal or lower when lowered toward table

Question 19

Ely’s Test: purpose?

Answer 19

Assesses rectus femoris length

Question 20

Ely’s Test: patient position?

Answer 20

Prone with knees extended; stabilize posterior pelvis; flex ipsilateral knee

Question 21

Ely’s Test: normal length finding?

Answer 21

Knee flexion to 90°

Question 22

Thomas Test: purpose?

Answer 22

Assesses hip flexor (iliopsoas and rectus femoris) muscle length

Question 23

Thomas Test: patient position?

Answer 23

Seated at end of table, roll supine, flex both hips/knees to chest until lumbar lordosis flattens; therapist extends test thigh toward table

Question 24

Thomas Test: normal length finding?

Answer 24

≥80° knee flexion with thigh flat on table

Question 25

Thomas Test: goniometer setup?

Answer 25

Axis: lateral femoral epicondyle; stationary: lateral midline of femur; mobile: lateral midline of fibula

Question 26

Thomas Test: if extending the ipsilateral knee allows the thigh to drop further, which muscle was tight?

Answer 26

Two-joint hip flexor (rectus femoris)

Question 27

Thomas Test: if extending the knee makes NO change, which muscle was tight?

Answer 27

One-joint hip flexor (iliopsoas)

Question 28

Thomas Test: if hip abduction and medial rotation are seen, which muscle is tight?

Answer 28

TFL (tensor fascia lata)

Question 29

Thomas Test: if hip adduction is seen, which muscle is tight?

Answer 29

Iliopsoas

Question 30

Varus/Valgus assessment: how do you identify genu valgum?

Answer 30

Patient standing with patellae forward — knees touch but ankles do not

Question 31

Varus/Valgus assessment: how do you identify genu varum?

Answer 31

≥2 fingers fit between knees when standing

Question 32

Mean value for varus/valgus alignment?

Answer 32

6° of valgus

Question 33

MMT Knee Flexion — against gravity patient position?

Answer 33

Prone

Question 34

MMT Knee Flexion — gravity-minimal patient position?

Answer 34

Sidelying with test limb on top; lower limb hip and knee slightly flexed

Question 35

MMT Knee Flexion — movement against gravity?

Answer 35

Flex knee to approximately 45° pulling heel toward buttocks

Question 36

MMT Knee Flexion — resistance placement?

Answer 36

Posterior ankle, directed toward knee extension

Question 37

MMT Knee Flexion — stabilization?

Answer 37

Posterior pelvis

Question 38

MMT Knee Flexion — medial hamstring bias?

Answer 38

Flex knee to 45° + add tibial IR (toes in); resistance: posterior ankle, down and out

Question 39

MMT Knee Flexion — lateral hamstring bias?

Answer 39

Flex knee to 45° + add tibial ER (toes out); resistance: posterior ankle, down and in

Question 40

MMT Knee Flexion — therapist position gravity-minimal?

Answer 40

Standing posterior to patient, support limb and stabilize hip

Question 41

MMT Knee Extension — against gravity patient position?

Answer 41

Short sitting (may grab table; may lean back to relieve hamstring tension); towel roll under distal thigh

Question 42

MMT Knee Extension — gravity-minimal patient position?

Answer 42

Sidelying with test limb on top; lower limb hip and knee slightly flexed; knee supported at 90°

Question 43

MMT Knee Extension — movement against gravity?

Answer 43

Extend knee to approximately 10° of flexion

Question 44

MMT Knee Extension — resistance placement?

Answer 44

Anterior ankle, directed toward flexion

Question 45

MMT Knee Extension — therapist position gravity-minimal?

Answer 45

Stand posterior to patient, support limb with knee flexed to 90°

Question 46

Exercise for impaired knee flexion ROM?

Answer 46

Knee flexion stretch (with or without towel); knee flexion stretch in quadruped

Question 47

Exercise for hamstring tightness?

Answer 47

Hamstring stretch in standing

Question 48

Exercise for TFL/ITB tightness?

Answer 48

TFL/IT band stretch in standing

Question 49

Exercise for hip flexor tightness?

Answer 49

Hip flexor stretch in standing or kneeling; rectus femoris stretch

Question 50

Exercise for knee flexion strength (MMT < 3/5)?

Answer 50

Gravity-minimal strengthening (sidelying)

Question 51

Exercise for knee extension strength (MMT < 3/5)?

Answer 51

Quadriceps facilitation and straight leg raise

Question 52

Exercise for knee extension strength (MMT > 3/5)?

Answer 52

Squat