Humanities > Knowledge Test 2016 > Flashcards

Knowledge Test 2016 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is a landform?

A

Landforms are the natural features of a landscape. Natural physical features of the Earth’s surface include valleys, plateaus, mountains, cliffs, plains, hills, dunes and glaciers

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2
Q

What are some tangible values?

A
  • ecological
  • economic
  • recreational
  • historical
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3
Q

What are some intangible values?

A
  • cultural
  • aesthetic
  • spiritual
  • mythological
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4
Q

What are the four values?

A

Cultural
Aesthetic
Spiritual
Economic

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5
Q

Explain the difference cultural and spiritual values.

A

Cultural : way of life

Spiritual : what you believe in

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6
Q

Name 7 landscapes

A 
Mountain
Coastal
Riverine
Desert
Built
Karst
Tropical rainforest
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7
Q

Define the economic value.

A

Economic value is a measurement of how financially important landforms or landscapes are. Economic value is particularly relevant to the tourism and mining industries in Australia.

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8
Q

Define the spiritual value.

A

Most cultures assign spiritual values to landforms and landscapes. Sacred landforms include rivers, waterfalls, lakes, wetlands and cliffs. Landscapes contain many sacred sites of spiritual importance.

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9
Q

Define the aesthetic value.

A

The aesthetic value of a landscape is closely linked to its beauty and uniqueness. The aesthetic value attached to a place is always subjective or personal.

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10
Q

What are mountains?

A

Mountains are natural elevations of the Earth’s surface (+600m). The height of a mountain is usually measures as a distance above sea level. However, some mountains extend deep below the ocean.

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11
Q

What is the difference between a landscape and a landform?

A

A landform is the feature of the landscape, where as the landscape is the surrounding geographical features.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a built landscape?

A
  • settlements created by humans
  • include elements of infrastructure
  • can damage/destroy natural landscape
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13
Q

Define the cultural value.

A

The cultural values of a landscape and landforms are values shared by a group or community. They include not only traditions, celebrations, myths and stories, but also landscapes and landforms that society values.

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14
Q

What is a landscape?

A

A landscape is the term used to describe the features of an area. It includes the biophysical elements of landforms, elements of land cover, human elements and the changeable elements such as weather conditions.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of riverine?

A
  • include ecosystems
  • networks and rivers surrounding provide agricultural sites
  • natural movement of a water system
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of a tropical rainforest?

A
  • lush forest found along equator
  • cover 6% of Earth’s surface
  • receive 1500mL of annual rainfall
  • sunlight is crucial
  • 50-70% of world’s flora and fauna
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17
Q

What are the layers in the structure of the Earth?

A

Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust

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18
Q

What is the inner core?

A
  • center of the Earth
  • extreme pressure
  • extremely hot - 6000-10000 degrees
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19
Q

What is the outer core?

A
  • mainly made up of liquid metals

- temperatures up to 6000 degrees

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20
Q

What is the mantle?

A
  • largest section in the Earth

- hot temperature that melts rock and moves it slowly to create currents

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21
Q

What is the crust?

A
  • the crust is broken into tectonic plates
  • there are two types of plates:
    continental
    oceanic
  • the convection currents cause the movement of the plates
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22
Q

What are convection currents?

A

The magma or burning fluid flowing through the mantle to create convection and drive the tectonic plates.

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23
Q

Explain aspect of the cultural value of the Grand Canyon.

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A
  • one of the very first national landscapes - making it an iconic landscape
  • Spanish heritage when searching for native riches
  • people have lived in Grand Canyon for at least 3000 years
  • people still living there
23
Q

Explain aspect of the spiritual value of the Grand Canyon.

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A
  • spiritual meaning for Pueblo Indians who used to live there
  • the Harasupai Indians still live there ; ancestors
  • holy site for natives in the area
  • Supai village is accessible via helicopter or horse and mule trails
  • tell stories about ancestors
23
Explain aspect of the aesthetic value of the Grand Canyon.
- beaming sun overseeing the Grand Canyon ; gleaming - a river flowing through - little greenery, but adds to it - different tones of rock teared down the dusty orange rock
23
What is the description of a converging plate boundary?
(destructive) Two tectonic plates moving towards each other. 2 Continental plates: plates collide and the land is forced to rise, creating a mountain. 1 continental + 1 oceanic: oceanic plate is less dense than continental so is forced to slide under continental
23
What is subduction?
When the less dense plate (oceanic) is forced to slide under the more dense plate (continental).
23
What is the description of a transforming plate boundary?
(sliding) Two tectonic plates sliding past each other - pressure builds up and is eventually released in the form of an earthquake.
23
What are some examples of a diverging boundary?
Oceanic: Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Eurasian + North American plate Continental: Great-Rift Valley: African drifting from Arabian plate
23
What are some examples of a converging boundary?
Continental: Eurasian + Indian plates colliding form Himalayas Subduction: South American (continental) and Nazca being subducted
24
What are some examples of a transforming boundary?
Pacific plate and North American plate - California
25
What is the description of a diverging plate boundary?
(constructive) The tectonic plates are moving away/apart from one another. 2 Oceanic plates: molten rock seeping through cracks, cools and forms new land (i.e under mountain) 2 continental plates: molten rock seeps through crust, it cools and forms volcano or rift
26
Explain aspect of the economic value of the Grand Canyon.
- tourism creates $467 million in annual economic benefit (helicopters flying over) - also creates employment opportunities - tourists can stay in the village and hike/camp in Havasu Canyon - railway depot in Grand Canyon
27
Definition of a Fold Mountain.
Fold mountains are created by upward pressure where two tectonic plates collide. As the plates converge, layers of rock are buckled and pushed upwards creating fold mountains. Most of the world's highest mountain ranges are fold mountains.
28
Definition of a Block/Fault Mountain.
Block mountains are created when cracks in the Earth's crust known as faults force blocks of land upwards. Rocks the are cooler - because they are closer to the surface - tend to crack and break apart when compressed from the sides. Rather than folding, they are often lifted up in giant blocks along fault lines to create block mountains.
29
Definition of a Volcanic Mountain.
Volcanic mountains are created when magma pushes it's way up from beneath the Earth to the crust. The material that comes out of a volcano builds up the Earth's surface, creating new land and new landforms.
30
Explain weathering.
Weathering involves the physical or chemical breakdown into smaller pieces of rocks that do not undergo transportation from their original position.
31
Explain physical weathering.
- temperature change: repeated heating and cooling to break down - freeze-thaw action: water in cracks freezes - organic action: roots of plants grow within a plant, causing parts to break off
32
Explain chemical weathering.
A reaction between the rock and the water/air. This causes pieces of rock to break away.
33
Explain the process deposition.
The process by which eroded material is added to a landscape. e.g. islands, sand dunes and beaches
34
Explain the process erosion.
Erosion is the transportation of material that has been weathered from one place to another by wind, water or ice. The gradual wearing away of rock Wind: beaches, deserts Water: beaches - waves, high rainfall, near a river -basin Ice: mountains, glaciers
35
How do humans use mountain landscapes?
- economy: mining - tourism - aesthetic - agriculture - water sources - culture - recreation - exercise - settlements : accommodation
36
How do humans use riverine landscapes?
- work opportunities - resources - food; fishing and crops - water supply - settlements - house boats - tourism - education - transportation ; people, goods, supplies - leisure: swim and fishing - spiritual connection; Ganges River and Nile River
37
How do humans use rainforest landscapes?
- wildlife - shelter - education - resources ; water, wood - climate control - tourism - cultural aspects - food - medicine - herbal remedies - settlements - film ; reality TV, documentaries - leisure activities: photography, exercise - aesthetic - spiritual value - gold and mining
38
How do humans use coastal landscapes?
- agriculture : oyster farming - economic; employment - lifesaver, tourism - human settlement - exercise - tourism; markets, relaxing, aesthetic, competition, leisure - supplies; mining, food, soils, compost - recreational: boating, surfing, swim, fishing, bird watching
39
Human uses of mountain landscapes:
1. Mountains are popular tourist destinations and tourism generates large incomes for many countries. (ski resorts -Thredbo, Alps) 2. About 1/10 of the world's population lives in mountainous areas (Sherpa in Nepal) 3. Fast flowing mountainous rivers provide a source of power (hydro electricity) 4. Minerals and metals such as coal, gold, silver and tin are often found in mountain landscapes. 5. More than half of the worlds population relies on fresh water that falls from mountains and flows into rivers. 6. Rainfall is often hire in mountain areas so they make ideal places for some types of farming, e.g. rice farming.
40
What is an earthquake?
A sudden release of energy in the earth's crust creating vibrations.
41
What are volcanoes?
A cone shaped feel all mountain formed when molten magma in the earth's mantle is forced opening event in the lithosphere. Volcanoes are one of the Earth's most violent ages of change. They create, alter and destroy landscapes, modify climates and change people's lives.
42
What are subduction zones?
Some volcanoes are formed when oceanic plate is pulled underneath the continental plate (subduction). As the crust is forced down, it heats up and becomes magma. It can then rise to the Earth's surface through the magma chamber.
43
Explain volcanoes in rift areas.
Volcanoes are formed when two plates move away from each other. The molten lava rises to the surface to the space between the plates.
44
What are hotspots?
Although most volcanoes are formed on plate boundaries, some are located in the middle of plates a long way from plate boundaries. These volcanoes haven't formed above a hotspot (an area of the crust where it is quite thin and volcanic activity can sometimes occur). Volcanoes move as the plates slowly move over the hotspot and overtime, a chain of volcanoes can form.
45
What is a shield volcano?
A broad, flat cone formed by runny lava coming slowly to the surface and spreading widely before cooling.
46
What is a composite volcano?
The most common volcano. A cone shaped mountain built up by many eruptions and consisting of layers of lava and ash.
47
What is a dome volcano?
A tall, convex-shaped cone formed by thick and treacle like lather calling quickly and so not flowing far away
48
What is a cinder volcano?
A steep sided, cone-shaped hill built up by the cinders ejected from a volcano.
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