1
Q
Spinal cord
structure
A
grey matter (within) -> soma
white matter (outside) -> fibers
past L1 vertebrae no spinal cord, only cauda equina
dorsal horn: somatosensory fibers, somata in DRG (pseudounipolar neurons)
lateral horn: sympathetic fibers for ANS
ventral horn: motor neurons
2
Q
different fiber qualities
A
- somato-motor: efferent, voluntary movements of striated muscle
- somato-sensible: afferent, general body sensation
- viscero-motor: efferent, involuntary movement of smooth musculature
- viscero-sensible: afferent, body sensation of organs
3
Q
afferent
A
transmission towards CNS
4
Q
efferent
A
transmission towards periphery (away from CNS)
5
Q
transmission towards periphery
A
efferent
6
Q
transmission towards CNS
A
afferent
7
Q
autonomic NS
A
sympathicus and parasympathicus
innervates all organs except skeletal muscule
8
Q
sympathicus
A
fight or flight
- GANGLIA: paravertebral interconnected to sympathetic tract
- PRE-GANG: from thoracic and lumbar segments, NT is ACh, direct innervation of adrenal medulla
- POST-GANG: to target, NT is NA except to sweat glands (ACh)
- RECEPTORS: metabotropic A/NA (qiss)
9
Q
sympthicus
ganglia
A
paravertebral interconnected to sympathetic tract
10
Q
sympathicus
pre-ganglionic neurons
A
from thoracic and lumbar segments
NT is ACh
to second order neurons, except direct innervation of adrenal medulla
11
Q
sympathicus
post-ganglionic fibers
A
to target
NT is NA, except to sweat glands (ACh)
12
Q
sympathicus
receptors of targte organs
A
metabotropic A/NA receptors
alpha1&2, beta 1&2 (qiss)
13
Q
parasympathicus
A
rest and digest (recovery of organism)
- GANGLIA: close to target organ
- NT: pre- and post-ganglionic fibers both use ACh
- RECEPTORS: nAChR or mAChR (M1&3 Gq, M2&4 Gi)
14
Q
parasympathicus
ganglia
A
close to target organ
15
Q
parasympathicus
pre-ganglionic fibers
A
from medulla oblongata and sacral segments
NT is ACh
16
Q
parasympathicus
post-ganglionic fibers
A
NT is ACh
17
Q
parasympathicus
NT
A
ACh pre and post-ganglionic
18
Q
sympathicus
NT
A
ACh preganglionic
A/NA postgaglionic
19
Q
ganglionic
receptors
A
nAChR
mAChR (M1&3 Gq, M2&4 Gi)
20
Q
mAChR
A
target organs of parasympathicus
M1&3 Gq
M2&4 Gi
21
Q
Cranial nerves
I
A
N. olfactorius
smell
22
Q
Cranial nerves
II
A
N. opticus
sight, crossing of nasal portion in chiasma opticum
23
Q
Cranial nerves
III
A
N. occulomotorius
eye movement with IV and VI
24
Q
Cranial nerves
IV
A
N. trochlearis
eye movement with III and VI
25
Cranial nerves
V
N. trigeminus
N. ophthalamicus, N. maxillaris, N. mandibularis
26
Cranial nerves
VI
N. abducens
eyemovement with III and IV
27
Cranial nerves
VII
N. facialis
taste buds and mimic
28
Cranial nerves
VIII
N. vestibulocochelaris
hearing and balance
29
Cranial nerves
IX
N. glossopharyngeus
middle ear, palate, pharynx
30
Cranial nerves
X
N. vagus
parasympathicus
31
Cranial nerves
XI
N. accessorius
M. trapezius and M. sternocleidomastoideus
32
Cranial nerves
XII
N. hypoglossus
tongue
33
N. olfactorius
Cranial nerve I
smell
34
N. opticus
Cranial nerve II
sight
nasal portions cross in optic chiasma
35
N. occulomotorius
Cranial nerve III
eye movment with IV and VI
36
N. trochlearis
Cranial nerve IV
eye movement with III and VI
37
N. trigeminus
Cranial nerve V
N. ophthalamicus, N. maxillaris, N. mandibularis
38
N. abducens
Cranial nerve VI
eye movement with III and IV
39
N. facialis
Cranial nerve VII
taste buds and mimic
40
N. vestibulocochlearis
Cranial nerve VIII
hearing and balance
41
N. glossopharyngeus
Cranial nerve IX
midear, palate and pharynx
42
N. vagus
Cranial nerve X
parasympathicus
43
N. accessorius
Cranial nerve XI
M. trapezius, M. sternocleidomastoideus
44
N. hypoglossus
Cranial nerve XII
tongue
45
meninges
Dura mater
arachnoidea
Pia mater
46
macroscopic structure cortex
two hemispheres by longitudinal fissure
Sulcus centralis separates frontal and parietal lobe
Sulcus lateralis separates parital and temporal lobe
Sulcus parieto-occipitalis separates parietal and occipital lobe
47
vetricles
2 lateral, 3 and 4
contain CSF, acts as blood in brain
48
cortex architecture
organized in 6 layers
- Stratum moleculare
- granulosum and pyramidale externum
- granulosum and pyramidale internum
- Stratum multiforme
organized in cortical columns as processing unit of brain (eventually)
49
comissural fibers
interconnect hemispheres
corpus callosum as biggest structure, with anterior and posterior comissure
50
Thalamus
primary input region, projects to cortix
-> RELAY AND FILTERING
- LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: relay station for visual tract
- MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: relay station for auditory tract
51
brain region
relaying and filtering
Thalamus
- LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: relay station for visual tract
- MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: relay station for auditory tract
52
Lateral geniculate nucleus
part of Thalamus (relay and filter)
relay station for visual tract
53
Medial geniculate nucleus
part of Thalamus (relay and filter)
relay station for auditory tract
54
Hippocampus
memory and learning via LTP
55
brain region
memory and learning
hippocampus
via LTP
56
amygdala
emotions
close proximity and strongly interconnected to hippocampus
57
brain region
emotion
amygdala
close proximity and strongly interconnected to hippocampus
58
cerebellum
movement coordination
motor control -> fine tuning, movement learning
contains purkinje cells
alterations in cerebellum activity in depression and addiction
59
brain region
movement coordination
cerebellum
motor control -> fine tuning, movement learning
contains purkinje cells
alterations in cerebellum activity in depression and addiction
60
glutamatergic system
receptors
AMPA: ionotroptic, tetramer
NMDA: ionotropic, tetramer
Kainate: ionotropic, hetero- or monomers
mGluR: 3 groups -> 1&5 Gq, 2&3 Gi/o, 4 &6-8 Gi/o
61
AMPA
"meric" structure
iono vs metabotropic
tetramer
ionotropic
62
NMDA
"meric" structure
iono vs metabotropic
tetramer
ionotropic
63
Kainate
"meric" structure
iono vs metabotropic
heterodimers or monomers
ionotropic
64
mGluR
types
3 groups, metabotropic (Class C)
- 1&5 Gq
- 2&3 Gi/o
- 4, 6-8 Gi/o
65
GABAergic system
Receptors
GABA-A: ionotropic, cys-loop receptor, pentamer
GABA-B: metabotropic, Gi/o
66
GABA-A
"meric" structure
iono vs metabotropic
cys-loop receptor
pentamer
ionotropic (Cl)
67
GABA-B
iono vs metabotropic
metabotropic (Class B)
Gi/o
68
dopaminergic system
main DA populations in midbrain (VTA and SN)
SN - Striatum - basal ganglia (impaired in PD)
VTA-mesolimbic circuit: reward and addiction, depression, psychosis
D1-like receptors (DRD1 and 5) Gs
D2-like receptors (DRD2-4) Gi
69
dopaminergic circuit pathways
SN - Striatum - basal ganglia (impaired in PD)
VTA - mesolimbic circuit: reward and addiction, depression, psychosis
70
D1-like receptors
DA receptors
metabotropic
DRD1 and DRD5
Gs
71
D2-like receptors
DA receptors
metabotropic
DRD2-4
Gi
72
Pramipexole
targetd DRD3
alternative to L-DOPA to prevent Levodopa-induced dyskinesia
73
noradrenergic system
precursor of A/NA is DA
receptors are metabotropic -> quiss
main locus = locus coeruleus
project to brain areas and spinal cord (descending pain control)
74
serotonin system
ionotropic: 5HTR3, cys loop, excitatory
metabotopic: 5HTR1 &5 Gi/o, 5HTR2 Gq/11, 5HTR4-7 Gs
main loci = Raphe nuclei
project to brain areas and spinal cord (descending pain control)
75
noradrenergic neurons
location and projection
main locus = LOCUS COERULEUS
project to other brain areas and spinal cord (descending pain control)
76
precursor A/NA
DA
77
alpha1 receptor
A/NA
Gq
78
alpha2 receptor
A/NA
Gi
79
beta1 receptor
A/NA
Gs
80
beta2 receptor
A/NA
Gs but also Gi reported
81
beta3 receptor
A/NA
Gs
82
adrenergic receptors
iono vs metabotropic
metaboropic (qiss)
83
serotonin receptors
iono vs metabotropic
5HT3 ionotropic
others metabotropic
5HTR1 &5 Gi/o, 5HTR2 Gq/11, 5HTR4-7 Gs
84
serotonin neurons
locus and projection
main locus is RAPHE NUCLEI
project to other brain areas and spinal cord (Descending pain control)
85
5HT1R
metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gi/o
86
5HT5R
metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gi/o
87
5HT2R
metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gq/11
88
5HT3R
ionotropic serotonin receptor
cys loop, excitatory
89
5HT4R
metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gs
90
5HT5R
metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gs
91
5HT6R
metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gs
92
5HT7R
metabotropic serotonin receptor
Gs
93
cholinergic system
located among others in Nucleus basalis Myenert
apparently relevant to cognition and attention (AD)
nAChR: ionotropic cys loop receptor (excitatory)
mAChR: metabotropic (M1 like M1,3 and 5 Gq) (M2 like M2,4 Gi/o)
94
cholinergic neurons
localization
among others: Ncl. basalis Myenert
95
cholinergic neurons
function
apparently relevant to cognition and attention (AD)
96
cholinergic system
receptors
nAChR: ionotropic cys loop receptor (excitatory)
mAChR: metabotropic (M1 like M1,3 and 5 Gq) (M2 like M2,4 Gi/o)
97
mAChR
- M1 like: M1, M2 and M3, Gq
- M2 like: M2 and M4, Gi/o
98
cortical IN subdivisions
PV+: ca. 40% of cortical IN
SST+: ca 30%
5HT3aR+: ca 30%
99
types of IN influence in neuronal circuits
- recurrent inhibition: activated neuron activates self-inhibiting IN
- feed-forward inhibition: neuron activates IN, IN inhibits other neuron
- desinhibition: IN inhibits IN, subsequent neuron is desinhibited
100
recurrent inhibition
activated neuron activates self-inhibiting IN
101
feed-forward inhibition
neuron activates IN, IN inhibits other neuron
102
desinhibition
IN inhibits IN, subsequent neuron is desinhibited
103
spinal cord reflex circuit
pain of stubbed toe to DRG
DRG activates motor neuron (extensor)
collateral of motor neuron activates Ranshaw cell
Ranshaw cell inhibits flexor
104
retinal contrast enhancement circuit
lateral inhibition of neighbouring photoreceptors by horizontal cells (IN)
105
Striatal neuron populations
- MSN: GABAergic projection neurons, express D1 or D2 or both
- ChAT+: TANs, cholinergic IN
- GABAergic IN: PV+ (FS) or NPY+ (LTS)
106
MSN
medium spiny neurons
GABAergic projection neurons of striatum
express D1 or D2 or both
input from other MSN collaterals, somatic inhibition by PV+ or ChAT+
input from Thalamus, cortex, amygdala, DA/5HT/NA-midbrain
107
input on MSN
- from other MSN collaterals, somatic inhibition by PV+ or ChAT+
- from Thalamus, cortex, amygdala, DA/5HT/NA-midbrain
108
Striatum
GABAergic projection neurons
MSN (medium spiny neurons)
express D1 or D2 or both
input from other MSN collaterals, somatic inhibition by PV+ or ChAT+
input from Thalamus, cortex, amygdala, DA/5HT/NA-midbrain
109
Striatum
TANs
tonically-active aspiny (inter)neurons
ChAT+ IN
excitatory input from cortex and Thalamus
inhibitory input from MSN axon collateralls
DA input
activate DA termials
110
Striatum
ChAT+ IN
tonically-active aspiny (inter)neurons (TANs)
excitatory input from cortex and Thalamus
inhibitory input from MSN axon collateralls
DA input
activate DA termials
111
input on ChAT+
excitatory input from cortex and Thalamus
inhibitory input from MSN axon collateralls
DA input
activate DA termials
112
Hippocampus
structure
Dentate gyrus
Cornu ammonis: 4 distinct layer (lacunosum moleculare - radiatum - pyramidale - oriens)
113
hippocampal microcircuitry
entorhinal cortex
over perforant pathway to DG
over mossy fibers to CA3
over Schaffer collterals glutamatergic to CA1
in CA1 via AMPA/NMDA LTP
114
hippocampal microcircuitry
PP
perforant pathway
to DG
115
hippocampal microcircuitry
MF
mossy fibers
from DG to CA3
116
hippocampal microcircuitry
SC
Schaffer collaterals
glutamatergic transmission from CA3 to CA1
117
hippocampal microcircuitry
experiment LTP
stimulus of pre-synaptic fibers in perforant pathway
recording of EPSPs in CA1
prolonged signal detection if high-frequency stimulation beforehand
118
basal ganglia
function
selection and implementation of purposeful actions in response to external and internal cues
facilitating of movement
also emotions, language, descicion making, working memorry, etc
119
basal ganglia
included brain regions
- Striatum
- Globus palllidus
- Substantia nigra
- Subthalamic nucleus
120
neuronal populations
Striatum
- MSN (GABAergic projection neurons)
- ChAT+ IN
- GABAergic IN (PV+ FS, NYP+ LTS)
121
neuronal populations
Globus pallidus
- PV+: GABAergic, FS, to brainstem and thalamus
- PV-: GABAergic, to brainstem and thalamus, collateral projections to striatum
122
neuronal populations
subthalamic nucleus
- excitatory glutamatergic neurons (two distinct subpopulations projections to GP and SN)
- few GABAergic IN
123
neuronal populations
Substantia nigra
- PARS COMPATA: dopaminergic neurons project to dorsal striatum and preforntal cortex (nigro-striatal and nigro-prefrontal tract)
- PARS RETICULATA: GABAergic neurons project to thalamus, superior colliculus and motor cortex
124
MC - Str - Thalamus
direct pathway
MC and SNc active
Glu and DA to striatal D1-expressing cells (GABAergic)
more GABA to GPi and SNr
less GABA to Thalamus -> DESINHIBITED
Glu to MC
125
MC - Str - Thalamus
indirect DA pathway
MC and SNc active
Glu and DA to striatal D2-expressing cells (GABAergic)
less GABA to GPe
more GABA to STN
less Glu to GPi and SNr
less GABA to Thalamus -> DESINHIBITED
Glu to MC
126
MC - Str - Thalamus
indirect Glu pathway
MC and SNc not active
less Glu and DA to D2-expressing cells (GABAergic)
no D2 inhibition and more GABA to GPe
less GABA to STN
more Glu to GPi and SNr
more GABA to Thalalmus -> INHIBITED
less Glu to MC
127
MC - Str - Thalamus
MC
motor cortex
Glu to Striatum
128
MC - Str - Thalamus
SNc
DA to Striatum (D1 and D2)
project to GPi and SNr or GPe
129
MC - Str - Thalamus
GPe
GABAergic
input from D2-expressing MSN (striatum)
project to STN
130
MC - Str - Thalamus
STN
glutamatergic
input from GPe (GABA)
project to GPi and SNr
131
MC - Str - Thalamus
GPi
GABAergic
input from D1-expressing MSN (striatum, GABA) or STN (Glu)
projects to Thalamus (GABA)
132
MC - Str - Thalamus
SNr
GABAergic
input from D1-expressing MSN (striatum, GABA) or STN (Glu)
projects to Thalamus (GABA)
133
somatosensation
crossing the midline
- pain, temperature and coarse touch cross in spinal cord segment
- fine touch, vibration and proprioception cross in medulla
134
mechanoreceptors of the skin
- Merkel corposculum: light perpendicular touch, SAI
- Ruffini corposculum: tangential skin stretch, SAII
- Meissner corposculum: low freq.vibrations, RA
- Pacini corposculum: high freq. vibrations, PC
135
Merkel corposculum
light perpendicular touch, SAI
136
Ruffini corposculum
tangential stretch, SAII
137
Meissner corposculum
low frequency vibration, RA
138
Pacini corposculum
high frequency vibration, PC
139
receptors for noxious stimuli
- mechanical force: Piezo
- cold: TRPM8
- heat: TRPV1
- chemicals: ASIC (acid sensing ion channel)
140
Hyperalgesia
excessively strong pain sensation
same stimulus leads to increased receptor potetial
cause is usually in spinal cord or neuronal
141
Allodynia
usually not painful stimuli are painful
reduced stimulus leads to same receptor potential
cause is ususally nerve ending focused (e.g. reduced opening threshhold of receptors)
142
Resting pain
pain sensation without mechanical or thermal stimulus
143
Pain and inflammation
inflammatory soup (cytokines, chemokines, peptides, K+, ATP, etc) stimulates nociceptors
-> ANTIDROMIC AXON REFLEX leads to SP and CGRP release
-> SP increases permeability
-> CGRP increases vasodilation
-> mast cell degranulation (histamine)
NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION
144
Neurogenic inflammation
caused by inflammatory stimuli inducing an antidormic axon reflex (SP and CGRP release)
145
Substance P
increases permeability, mast cell degranulation
released by antidromic axon reflex in response to inflammatory stimuli
146
CGRP
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide
- increases vasodilation, mast cell degranulation
- released by antidromic axon reflex in response to inflammatory stimuli
147
sensitization (pain, increase)
pain is a plastic sensation -> can be increased and decreased, also interconnected with emotions (e.g. depression can lead to sensitization)
- central sensitization via LTP
- peripheral sensitization by inflammatory mediators
148
gate control theory
sensation has to compete with other sensory information
true for pain, attention, hearing, etc.
149
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PM4 - Neuroscience
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