L1

Question 1

Circulation encompasses what organs and fluids? (4)

Answer 1

Lungs
Heart
Kidneys
Blood

Question 2

Function of circulation (6)

Answer 2

1. Supply oxygen, glucose and nutrients to tissues
2. Remove waste
3. Homeostasis of extracellular fluid (by kidneys)
4. Hormone distribution
5. Temperature regulation
6. Defense against infections

Question 3

What is perfusion and what does it require?

Answer 3

The flow of blood; a pressure difference

Question 4

Hypertension leads to _______ because ______.

Hypotension leads to ________ because _______.

Answer 4

Vessel and heart damage; too much perfusion

Syncope (shock); too little perfusion

Question 5

Right heart –> ____ circulation

Left heart –> ____ circulation

Answer 5

Pulmonary

Systemic

Question 6

BP=

Answer 6

CO × PR

Question 7

What occurs during systole in a blood pressure test?

Answer 7

Pressure in blood vessel greater than pressure in cuff so blood vessel opens blood vessel and blood flows (so is heard with the stethoscope).

Question 8

How is the diastole recorded in a blood pressure test?

Answer 8

After systole is recorded, listen out for when no more sounds are heard. This is the diastolic point.

Question 9

Outline the journey of blood from aorta to vena cava. (8)

Answer 9

Aorta 》large artery 》small artery 》arteriole 》capillaries 》venule 》vein 》vena cava

Question 10

Function of aorta (2)

Answer 10

Stretch and recoil

Stores energy

Question 11

Function of arteries (2)

Answer 11

Distribute blood

Volume adjust

Question 12

Function of arterioles (2)

Answer 12

Resistance

Set blood pressure and total peripheral resistance

Question 13

Function of capillaries

Answer 13

Exchange (nutrient, gas, fluids)

Question 14

Function of venules (2)

Answer 14

Collect blood

Some exchange

Question 15

Function of veins (3)

Answer 15

Reservoir for blood
Muscle pump (using nearby muscle to help blood movement upwards to heart)

Question 16

Describe the layers of an artery from outside to inside. (3)

Answer 16

Tunica adventitia 》Tunica media (smooth muscle and external elastic layer)》Tunica intima (internal elastic layer and endothelium)

Question 17

Describe the characteristics of an arteriole. (3)

Answer 17

Little connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium

Question 18

Describe the characteristics of a capillary. (1)

Answer 18

Endothelium

Question 19

Describe the characteristics of a venule. (3)

Answer 19

Connective tissue
Little smooth muscle
Endothelium

Question 20

Describe the characteristics of a vein. (3)

Answer 20

Connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Endothelium

Question 21

Which vessels have valves and which don’t to prevent backflow of blood?

Answer 21

Valves = veins

No valves = arteries and capillaries

Question 22

Pulmonary circulation:
right/left ventricle
thin/thick walled
crescent/circular X-section
lungs only/multiple organs
variable flow/high flow
variable resistance/low resistance

Answer 22

Right
Thin
Crescent
Lungs only
High flow
Low resistance

Question 23

Systemic circulation:
right/left ventricle
thick/thin walled
crescent/circular X-section
multiple organs/lungs only
variable flow/high flow
variable resistance/low resistance

Answer 23

Left
Thick
Circular
Multiple organs
Variable flow
Variable resistance

Question 24

What is a systole, how are papillary fibres involved and what sound is produced as a result?

Answer 24

Ventricle contraction to eject blood. Papillary fibres prolapse and the AV valves close producing a lub sound.

Question 25

A diastole is longer than a systole. What is a diastole and what sound is produced?

Answer 25

Ventricle relaxation to fill ventricles with blood. The semilunar valves close producing a dub sound.

Question 26

What is the apex beat?

Answer 26

During systole, the heart's apex lunges forward and strikes the chest wall.

Question 27

Pressure of outflow > pressure of inflow, so valves...

Answer 27

Close

Question 28

What muscle prevents valve inversion during blood flow?

Answer 28

Chordae tendinae

Question 29

Which valve deviates from the three-leaflet rule?

Answer 29

Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

Question 30

Describe the journey of deoxygenated blood from vena cava. (7)

Answer 30

Vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs

Question 31

Describe the journey of oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins. (6)

Answer 31

Pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral (bicuspid) valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > body (systemic)

Question 32

Describe a heart contraction. (5)

Answer 32

External electrical stimulation of myocyte > free intracellular Ca2+ increases (intracell becomes positive and extracell becomes negative) > muscle contracts > Ca2+ removed > muscle relaxes

Question 33

Kidneys control...(2)

Answer 33

Blood volume | Ion, salts and electrolyte concentration

Question 34

Describe the filtration system of the kidneys.

Answer 34

Enter afferent arteriole > filtration (of H2O, C6H12O6 and ions through Bowman's capsule; blood cells and protein remain behind) > reabsorption (of small molecules) > secretion (of excess fluid from peritubular capillaries) > excretion (of excess fluid and small molecules)

Question 35

Concentrated blood leaves via the ______. ______ goes in via the afferent arteriole. What enters Bowman's capsule?

Answer 35

Efferent arteriole Whole blood Ultrafiltrate

Question 36

How does the glomerular filtration rate affect urine production?

Answer 36

Increase in GFR causes increase in fluid movement through tubules

Question 37

What sounds are listened for during a blood pressure test?

Answer 37

Korotkoff sounds

Question 38

In terms of filtration rates, a small afferent artery =

Answer 38

Less filtration

Question 39

What are known as the formed elements within the blood?

Answer 39

Platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

Question 40

Blood pressure is determined by blood volume and circulatory capacity. What is circulatory capacity?

Answer 40

This is the space allowed for blood to flow.

Question 41

What two systems control the kidneys?

Answer 41

Endocrine & autonomic nervous system

Question 42

An increase in filtration rate at the glomerulus = ___ afferent arteriole and ___ efferent arteriole.

Answer 42

Dilated; Constricted

Question 43

What fault in the lungs leads to hypoxia, hypoxaemia and anoxia?

Answer 43

Failure of gas exchange

Question 44

Define ischaemia.

Answer 44

Insufficient blood flow to a region.

Question 45

Define anoxia.

Answer 45

Complete deprivation of O2 supply to a region.

Question 46

Define hypoxia.

Answer 46

Insufficient O2 supply to a region.

Question 47

What bodily malfunctions can lead to ischaemia? (4)

Answer 47

Insufficient pressure generation by the heart, blood vessel clog, vessel constriction, excess loss of blood (eg haemorrhage)

Question 48

Define hypoxaemia.

Answer 48

Too little O2 supply in the blood.

Question 49

Where does angina pectoris (chest pain) affect?

Answer 49

Left jawline, left pec and shoulders, and underarm straight down to fingers (spreading across the last two fingers)

Question 50

Angina pectoris cause and treatment...

Answer 50

Ischaemia of the heart due to a blocked coronary artery. Nitrates

Question 51

Myocardial infarction cause and treatment...

Answer 51

Blocked coronary artery causing death in one region in the heart MONA (morphine, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin)

Question 52

Heart failure consequences

Answer 52

Insufficient blood around the body, fatigue, oedema, dyspnoea (shortness of breath)