L1 (intoduction)

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

“Nature study” ; body functions

Question 2

Anatomy

Answer 2

“Cutting up” ; body structure

Question 3

Levels of organization

Answer 3

O: organism
O: organ system
O: organ
T: tissue
C: cell
O: organelle
M: macromolecule
M: molecule
A: atom
S: subatomic particle

Question 4

Tissue

Answer 4

Group of cells with similar function

Question 5

Epithelial tissue (functions)

Answer 5

Lining, transport, absorption, secretion

Question 6

Connective tissue (functions)

Answer 6

Strength, supports, elasticity (allows to stretch)

Question 7

Muscle tissue (functions)

Answer 7

Movement

Question 8

Nerve tissue (functions)

Answer 8

Information synthesis, communication, control

Question 9

Organ

Answer 9

Two or more tissues

Question 10

Nervous system
1. Main function
2. Major organs

Answer 10

1. Regulation of other body systems (use chemical and electrical signals to send/ receive messages)
2. Brain, spinal cord & nerves

Question 11

Endocrine system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 11

1. Secretion of regulating molecules (hormones)
2. Hormone secreting glands (Pituitary gland, adrenal gland & thyroid gland)

Question 12

Muscular system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 12

1. Movement of skeleton
2. Skeletal muscles

Question 13

Skeletal system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 13

1. Support and movement
2. Bones and cartilage

Question 14

Circulatory system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 14

1. Movement of blood through cardiovascular system and lymph through lymphatic system
2. Blood vessels, heart, & lymphatic vessels

Question 15

Respiratory system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 15

1. Gas exchange
2. Lungs,airways (nose/mouth)

Question 16

Urinary system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 16

1. Regulation of blood volume and composition
2. Kidneys, bladder, uriters, urethra

Question 17

Almentary (digestive) system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 17

1. Breakdown of food into molecules that enter the body (use for energy)
2. Mouth, stomach, large & small intestine, gallbladder, pancreas,

Question 18

Reproductive system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 18

1. Continuation of human species
2. Gonads, external genitalia, associated glands/ ducts

Question 19

Integumentary system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 19

1. Protection/ thermoregulation
2. Skin, nails, hair

Question 20

Immune system
1. Function
2. Major organs

Answer 20

1. Defense of the body against invading pathogens
2. Red bone marrow, lymphoid organs

Question 21

Steps of scientific method

Answer 21

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion

Question 22

Theory

Answer 22

Highly supported hypothesis

Question 23

Evolution

Answer 23

Gradual development of something simple to complex

Question 24

Life functions

Answer 24

Everything our bodies don

Question 25

Homeostasis

Answer 25

The dynamic constancy of the body’s internal environment

Question 26

Proteins

Answer 26

Essential to cell function; carry out mechanisms (“workers”)

Question 27

What are the 5 life functions in life?

Answer 27

Metabolize- produce atp, build muscle & bone Sense & respond - white blood cells attack invaders, pull hand away from hot stove Move - go for a walk or run ( external) organelles move w/in cell (internal) Grow & repair - fetus to adult ; injury/ infection Reproduce - prepare endometrium ( lining of uterus)

Question 28

Negative feedback (NFL)

Answer 28

Reverses the direction of a changing parameter

Question 29

What are some examples of parameters?

Answer 29

O2, glucose, h2o, ions, pH, BP, heat

Question 30

Steps of a negative feedback loop

Answer 30

1. Sensor 2. Integrator center 3. Effector

Question 31

Parameter

Answer 31

Regulated variable ( temp or pH)

Question 32

Set point

Answer 32

Value the body tries to maintain

Question 33

Range

Answer 33

Value within which parameter must fall between ; if outside sensor is triggered sending stimulus to integrating center

Question 34

Integrating center

Answer 34

Receives input from sensor, comparing set point/ range deciding rather or not respond with an effector

Question 35

Effector

Answer 35

Produces response in the muscles or glands, taking action and returning the parameter to normal range ( defending homeostasis)

Question 36

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic regarding negative feedback loops?

Answer 36

Intrinsic is built into organs and extrinsic is the regulation of an organ by the nervous/ endocrine system.

Question 37

Positive feedback

Answer 37

The effector amplifies direction of changing parameter

Question 38

What distinguishes a negative feedback loop from a positive feedback loop?

Answer 38

Negative feedback loops reverse the direction of the changing parameter while, positive feedback loop amplifies the direction

Question 39

What are some examples of positive feedback loop?

Answer 39

Contractions - help push the baby out Clotting - stop bleeding Milk let down- when baby stops sucking milk stops coming out

Question 40

What is an example of negative feedback loop?

Answer 40

Blood glucose, blood pressure

Question 41

Protein

Answer 41

1 of the macromolecules, where it’s three demential structure determines its function

Question 42

What are the 2 categories of proteins.

Answer 42

Structural proteins- provide support, shape & strength (Do not move!!) Functional proteins - do work!!! (Machine’s)