L14: extra concepts Flashcards

(18 cards)

1
Q

Für was braucht das Pathogen den Wirt (host)

A

Überleben

Vermehrung

Ausbreitung - Spread

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2
Q

Abwehr strategy

A

Pathogen - PAMPs – PRR
= Innate immune response = Adaptive immune response

only if PAMPs recognised

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3
Q

Beschreiben sie wie die Ko-existenz zwischen Wirt und Pathogen aussieht?

A

coexistance fuhrt zu einer balance

Bei Starke Immunantwort und unkontrollierte Infektion werden sowohl Wirt als auch Pathogen geschädigt

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4
Q

Because pathogens put their host under pressure, they are a driving force of evolution and force creative adaptation. Both develop as a result

Without pathogens, our IS would not be as stable
R/F

A

Correct

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5
Q

Wie können sich Pathogene der Immunabwehr entziehen/evade

4

A

Den Wirt überrollen (overrun)

sich verstecken (hide)

Sich als Selbst(als ein Bestandteil des IS)ausgeben (impersonate)

Immunabwehr ausser Gefecht setzten (put immunedef. out of action) q

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6
Q

Was ist die Passive Ausweich/evasions Mechanismus

A

Pathogene können sich in Regionen/Organe verstecken, die dem IS weniger zugänglich sind

Bsp: Zentrales Nervensystem ( BBB lässt keine Immunzelle durch->keine Immunreaktion) e.g. Herpes
Auge

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7
Q

Herpes-Simplex Virus

A

Fierbläschen / cold sores an Mund

Primäre Infektion: geht in Epithelzellen und vermehrt sich—> Bildung von Fieberbläschen,

Bei der Abheilung der Bläschen sterben die Viren nicht, sondern wandern über Nervenbahnen in die trigeminal ganglion ZNS und bleiben Latent bis sie aktiviert werden. Werden dort nicht erkannt. = Latent phase

Bei Aktivierung gehen sie zurück zur Expositionsstelle und bilden Fieberbläschen

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8
Q

Mechanism of EBV-induced B cell differentiation
What does cell activation normally look like?

A

B cell activation requires an antigen. Kinases on BZR transmit the signal.
+ T cell: CD40L from T cells binds to CD40, which induces the adapter protein Traf and the signalling cascade then begins.

EBV does exactly that.
EBV produces two proteins: LMP1 and LMP2

LMP2 can mimic BZR signalling.
LMP1 imitates CD40L signalling and thus induces TRAF activation.

= lifelong !!

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9
Q

Latenz und reaktivierung example

A

Windpocken => Gurtelrose !

chicken pox to yea

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10
Q

How can bacteria escape immune recognition?

A

Various bacteria have developed different strategies for this:

EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA:
polysaccharide capsule that prevents immune cells from recognising PAMPS !!
E-coli: antigen variation
S.Aureus: inhibit antimicrobial factors

INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA:
Form intracellular toxins
Inhibit fusion of phagosome and lysosome, preventing proteases from being digested
Survival in phagolysosome
Emerge from the phagosome

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11
Q

MHC klasse 1 IH?

A

abhängige Antigenpräsentation inhibieren.

= konnen auch Virale MHC Homonlog bildung
= Keine CD8 T cell und NK zell erkennung

Bei der Antigenpräsentation können in 2 Arten interveniern. Sie können die Bildung des T Zell-MHC Komplex inhibieren oder die präsentierende Peptide so modifizieren, dass sie nicht mehr an MHC binden

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11
Q

RNA viruses can escape an immune response through antigen variations. Describe antigenic drift and antigenic shift

A

RNA Virus:
Haemagglutin spikes
Neuramindase

Antigenic drift:
Change in the antigens of a virus caused by point mutation in the virus genome.
Cause: rapid and faulty replication of the virus genome + lack of repair mechanisms that correct the errors

Antigen shift:
Change in the antigens of a virus caused by gene exchange between different virus lines/strains/host.
Austausch von Genen für Hämagglutinin (H) oder der Neuraminidase (N)
e.g. Influenza Pandemic

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11
Q

True or false?

Viral inhibition of MHC 1 can continue covertly

A

False, these cells can be killed by NK cells
NK kills cells that do not present MHC molecules.

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12
Q

Richtig oder Falsch?

Apoptose ist keine Abwehrstrategie von Wirtszellen

A

Falsch

it is a strat

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13
Q

Wie sieht die Apoptose als Abwehrstrategie von Wirtzellen aus

A

Nach einer viralen Infektion werden an Zelloberfläche proteine gebildet(Fas und Fas ligand), die Apoptose induzieren. Dadurch kann das IS Viren eliminieren.

Problem: Viren können auch die Apoptose verhindern.
> interfere with cytokine signals and build homologs
> Lösliche Virorezeptoren dagegen binden Zytokine und verhindern den Kontakt zu den Immun-Zytokinrezeptoren.

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14
Q

When pathogens produce proteins that resemble proteins of the host, this is called

A

molecular mimicry

e.g. Selbst antigen bildung

but there arealso autoreactiove B/T cells against these
balance between pressure in favour of mimicry (escape of an immune response) and against mimicry (autoreactivity).

15
Q

Severe infections
can therefore occasionally result in an autoimmune disease
R/F

A

R
Too much cell death releases many self-antigens, against which
the body can react autoreactively (for example against DNA from lysed cells or through cross-reacting antibodies).

16
Q

How can tumours escape the immune defence?

A

Tumours come from the body itself, which means that we cannot find an antigen that stimulates an immune response. It is therefore difficult to find a tumour antigen with which to develop a vaccine. ( Loss of antigenicity)

Tumours can produce immunosuppressive molecules (PDL, which stimulates the cytotoxic T cell)
( Loss of immunogenicity)

Tumours develop well where the site is immunosuppressive. Examples of this would be immunosuppressive macrophages or regulatory T cells that switch off cytotoxic T cells.

(Immunosupressive microenvironment)