L2 - Card Sorting Activity

Question 1

What are characteristics of Upper Motor Neurons?

Answer 1

• spastic paralysis
• increased reflexes
• abnormal reflex signs

Question 2

What diseases/disorders belong to Upper Motor Neuron (corticobulbar/corticospinal tracts)?

Answer 2

1. Positive Babinski
2. Hyperreflexia
3. Hypertonia (spasticity)

Question 3

What is a hallmark of UMN lesion?

Answer 3

Positive Babinski

Question 4

Define Hyperreflexia.

Answer 4

Over active reflexes.
(UMN aren’t inhibiting them properly)

Question 5

Define Hypertonia (spasticity).

Answer 5

Velocity-dependent increase in tone.

Question 6

What are characteristics of Lower Motor Neurons?

Answer 6

• Weakness
• Hypotonia/Hyporeflexia
• Atrophy
• Fasciculations
• WHAF

Question 7

What diseases/disorders belong to Lower Motor Neuron?

Answer 7

1. Fasciculations
2. Flaccid paralysis
3. Atrophy
4. Hypotonia
5. Hyporeflexia

Question 8

Define Fasciculation.

Answer 8

Spontaneous firing of single motor units.
Muscle twitches.

Question 9

Define Flaccid Paralysis.

Answer 9

Loss of LMN input.

Question 10

Define Atrophy.

Answer 10

Denervation leads to wasting.

Question 11

Define Hypotonia.

Answer 11

Loss of baseline LMN drive.

Question 12

Define Hyporeflexia.

Answer 12

Reflexes are underactive.

Question 13

Describe characteristics of the Basal Ganglia (Direct Circuit).

Answer 13

• Direct pathway facilitates movement; loss leads to too little movement
• Classic in Parkinson’s disease: reduced movement due to loss of dopaminergic activation of direct pathway

Question 14

What are diseases/disorders associated with Basal Ganglia (Direct Circuit).

Answer 14

1. Akinesia
2. Bradykinesia
3. Hypokinesia

Question 15

Define Akinesia.

Answer 15

Inability or failure to initiate a movement (e.g. frozen gait) + or long pause before a word comes out.

Question 16

Define Bradykinesia.

Answer 16

Slowness of movements (e.g. slow to get up from a chair or slow speech)

Question 17

Define Hypokinesia.

Answer 17

Reduced amplification of movement, so small movement or underscaled.

E.g. Reduced facial expression or decreased volume or pitch.

Question 18

What are characteristics of the Basal Ganglia (Indirect Circuit)?

Answer 18

• Indirect pathway suppresses movement
• If disinhibited: too much movement
• Huntington’s
• Dystonia
• Tourette’s

Question 19

What diseases/disorders are associated with the Basal Ganglia (Indirect Circuit)?

Answer 19

1. Involuntary movements
2. Chorea
3. Athetosis
4. Dystonia
5. Tic
6. Hyperkinesia
7. Resting tremor

Question 20

Define Chorea.

Answer 20

Rapid, dance-like

Question 21

Define Athetosis.

Answer 21

Slow writhing

Question 22

Define Dystonia.

Answer 22

Sustained abnormal postures

Question 23

Define Tic.

Answer 23

Sudden stereotyped movement

Question 24

Define Hyperkinesia.

Answer 24

Excessive movement.

Question 25

What are characteristics of the Cerebellar Circuit?

Answer 25

- Drunk-like movements - Impaired coordination - Intention tremor - "errors in timing and scaling"

Question 26

What diseases/disorders are associated with the Cerebellar Circuit?

Answer 26

1. Dysmetria 2. Ataxia 3. Incoordination 4. HypertoniaD

Question 27

Define Dysmetria.

Answer 27

Overshoot/undershoot on target-directed movements.

Question 28

Define Ataxia.

Answer 28

Lack of coordination of gait or limbs.

Question 29

Define Incoordination.

Answer 29

General motor timing errors

Question 30

Why is Hypotonia also in the Cerebellar Circuit?

Answer 30

Due to the cerebellar involvement with the extrapyramidal tract that regulates tone.