L22: Immunisation

Question 1

variolation vs vaccination

Answer 1

• variolation - variola = small pox
• vaccination - vaccinia = cowpox

Question 2

founder of vaccines

Answer 2

edward jenner - cow pox blister pus injected into milkmaids arm

Question 3

who developed the first laboratory vaccine

Answer 3

louis pasteur

Question 4

attenuated

Answer 4

weakened

Question 5

what is the principle of vaccination

Answer 5

production of AB ensures a secondary response eliminates pathogen quickly/prevents disease

Question 6

an effective vaccine will generally

Answer 6

1. elicit a protective AB response
2. elicit a memory T cell response

Question 7

What are the three types of vaccines, give an example of each

Answer 7

• whole live organisms: cowpox
• whole killed organisms: cholera
• components of organisms: Hepatitis B

Question 8

whole live organism vaccines cause what type of exposure and how frequently must one be vaccinated

Answer 8

prolonged exposure, single dose effective at stimulating lifelong immunity

Question 9

whole killed or component organisms exposure and immunity

Answer 9

brief exposure to antigens, three or more doses for effective AB response

Question 10

what are polysaccharide vaccines

Answer 10

• very weak AB response to polysaccharide antigens
• T-cell independent antigens
• little immunological memory

Question 11

conjugate vaccines

Answer 11

bacterial polysaccharide component attached to a good antigenic protein carrier

Question 12

how do conjugate vaccines work?

Answer 12

• polysaccaride attached to carrier protein
• taken up by B cells
• protein digested and antigen presented to T cell
• T cells stimulated to provide help
• Converts into a T cell dependent antigen
• activated B cell produces antibody against polysaccaride antigen on the surface of the bacterium

Question 13

Why are babies vaccinated

Answer 13

to ensure protection when maternal antibodies wane

Question 14

vaccine efficacy considerations

Answer 14

strain variation - eg serogroup B vs C (vaccine effective against one but not the other)

Question 15

define herd immunity by vaccination

Answer 15

Lowering the number of susceptible individuals in a population decreases the natural reservoir and transmission

Unvaccinated individuals can be protected if their individual chance of encountering a pathogen is low

Question 16

Importance of herd immunity

Answer 16

decreases spreading bc decrease number of suceptible individuals

Question 17

what causes vaccine hesitancy

Answer 17

no personal experience of once common diseases
empahsis of riks in the media
too many vaccines can weaken the IS

Question 18

Name two reasons people are hesitant to vaccines

Answer 18

linked with autism - MMR
aluminium toxicity - alzheimers