Some developments are due to increasing market integration, which has two kinds –
horizontal and vertical integration
happens when a firm gains control of other firms performing similar marketing functions at the same level in the marketing sequence.
Horizontal integration
When the Landbank of the Philippines acquired the Philippine Postal Savings Bank, for the latter to focus on overseas Filipino worker clients (ABS-CBN News, 2017)
this is an example of what?
local market integration
happens when one company owns the operations and products from one stage to the other along the supply chain.
Vertical integration
an iron mining company operates a steel manufacturing firm.
this is an example of?
Vertical integration
Mcdonald’s owns the land where its supplies are located to avoid the cost of the lease.
this is an example of?
vertical integration
Is a process by which economies are becoming more interdependent and interconnected in terms of commodity flows including externalities and spillover of impacts (Genschel and Jacktenfuchs, 2017
Market Integration
When prices among different locations or related goods follow the same patterns over a long period of time,_____________________ exist. Similarly, when groups of prices often move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very clear among different markets it is said that the_______________________.
market integration
markets are integrated
is an indicator that explains how much different markets are related to each other.
market integration
- refers to the process of linking separate markets together to create a unified and interconnected economic system.
- It involves the removal or reduction of barriers, such as tariffs, quotas, and trade restrictions, that hinder the free flow of goods, services, capital, and labor across national boundaries.
Market integration
facilitates increased trade, investment, and economic cooperation among countries, leading to the development of a global marketplace.
Market integration
It allows countries to take advantage of comparative advantages, specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a competitive edge, and participate in global value chains.
In the context of economic globalization, market integration
Market integration promotes
efficiency by __________________
encouraging competition, innovation, and the efficient allocation of resources
lobal financial institutions that support a country’s economic growth through support that is loans, technical assistance to
governments and now other private sectors (Wood, 2019)
International financial institutions
chartered by more than one country and therefore are subjects to international law. Its owners or shareholders are
generally national governments, although other
international institutions and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders.
International financial institutions
International Financial Institutions:
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank (WB)
European Investment Bank (EIB)
Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD)CAF-
Development Bank of Latin America
Inter-American Development Bank Group (IADB)
African Development Bank (AfDB)
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
international organization with 183 member countries that promotes international monetary cooperation and exchange stability to foster economic growth and high
employment and to provide short-term financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment (IMF, 2019).
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
primary purpose of the International Monetary Fund is to _________________________
provide global monetary cooperation and international financial stability
International Monetary Fund is the institution, created in 1945, was design to monitor the system of pegged or fixed exchange rates. In this system, official exchange rates of currencies were related to gold and US. Dollar. It was designed to prevent the trade wars that occurred during the interwar period due to competitive devaluations of states of their
currencies according to?
Cohn, 2011
International development organization owned by 187 countries. Its role is to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve the standard of living of their people.
World Bank (WB)
Supports investments in countries that underpin long-term growth and that help to meet the needs of their citizens. We work with policy makers to develop markets, institutions, and economies that are stable, equitable, and efficient
WorldBank
Furthers the objectives of the European Union by providing long-term project funding, guarantees and advice. It
supports projects both within and outside the EU. Its
shareholders are the Member States of the EU.
European Investment Bank (EIB)
The purpose of the Bank is
to foster economic development and social progress of member countries and Muslim communities in non-member countries individually as well as jointly in accordance with the principles of Shari’ah i.e., Islamic Law.
Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
provides loans, grants and
technical assistance to its developing member countries, to the private sector and through public-private partnerships to support the building and maintenance of infrastructure. The majority is in water, energy, transport, urban development,
and information and communications technology
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
