L3: Memory and Learning: P1

Question 1

Define Learning.

Answer 1

Learning is the process of information acquisition.

Question 2

Define Memory.

Answer 2

Memory is the result of acquired (and stored) information.

Question 3

Learning and memory can be subdivided into three major hypothetical stages. These are?

Answer 3

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 4

Define Encoding.

Answer 4

Encoding is the acquisition and consolidation of information.

Question 5

Define Storage,

Answer 5

Storage is repersentation of acquired and conolidated information.

Question 6

Define Retrieval.

Answer 6

Retrieval is the utillisation of stored information to perform specific acts.

Question 7

What are the four main types of memory?

Answer 7

1. Sensory
2. Short-term (/working)
3. Non-declarative (LTM)
4. Declarative (LTM)

Question 8

What is Sensory memory?

Answer 8

Sensory memory is:

• Short lived (millisecond to seconds),
• Very high capacity,
• Not aware of it,
• Lost due to decay.

Question 9

What is Short-term (/working) memory?

Answer 9

Short-term(/working) memory:

• Lasts seconds to minutes,
• Limited incapacity (5-9),
• Are aware of it,
• Lost due to decay.

Question 10

What is Non-declarative memory (LTM)?

Answer 10

Non-declarative memory (LTM) (i.e., like riding a bike).

• Lasts days to years,
• Very high capacity,
• Not aware of it,
• Lost due to interfernce.

Question 11

What is Declarative memory (LTM)?

Answer 11

Declarative memory (LTM) is:

• Last days to years,
• High capacity,
• We are aware of it,
• Lost due to interference.

Question 12

What are the three types of Sensory memory?

Answer 12

1. Iconic - visual
2. Echoic - auditory
3. Haptic - sensory

Question 13

Who developed the Hierarchical model of short-term memory?

Answer 13

Atkinson and Shiffrin.

Question 14

Describe the different serial processing steps of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s hierarchical model of short-term memory.

Answer 14

• Sensory information enters the information-processing system and is first stored in the sensory register.
• Items that are selected via attentional processes are then moved iniot the short-term memory storage.
• With rehearsal, the items can move into the long-term memory storage.

Question 15

Who developed the Working model of memory?

Answer 15

Baddeley and Hitch.

Question 16

What are the three parts of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model?

Answer 16

1. The central executive
2. The phonological loop
3. The visuo-spatial sketch pad

Question 17

Describe the three parts of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory model.

Answer 17

1. The cental exective controls are responsibe for the control and regulation of cognitive processes. It directs focus and targets information.
2. The phonological loop deals with sound or phonological information, which is coded acoustically.
3. The visuo-spatial sketch pad is the store that holds visual information for manipulation, which is coded visually.

Question 18

What are the two types of declarative memory?

Answer 18

1. Episodic
2. Semantic

Question 19

What three types of memory that are typically described as a non-declarative memory?

Answer 19

1. Priming
2. Classical conditioning
3. Procedural/motor skill learning

Question 20

What are the brain areas involved in episodic memory?

Answer 20

• Hippocampal complex
• Medial temporal lobe

Question 21

What are the four medial temporal lobe structures?

Answer 21

1. Entorinal cortex
2. Subiculum
3. Dentate gyrus
4. Conru ammonia neuronal fields

Question 22

What causes Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 22

Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by extreme alcohol abuse when there is a deficiency of B1 (thiamine).

Question 23

What are the two things that are damaged in Korsakoff’s sydrome?

Answer 23

1. The dorsomedial nucleus (of the thalamus)
2. Mammillary bodies

Question 24

Patient EE suffer from a tumour in his … … …

Answer 24

left angular gyrus.

Question 25

Patient EE had a digit span of what?

Answer 25

1-2 instead of 5.

Question 26

Patient EE retained what?

Answer 26

A significant long-term memory

Question 27

What type of memory was unaffected in Patient H.M?

Answer 27

Sematic memory - as he was able to remember the floor plan of his apartment over a year later.

Question 28

Prolong thiamine deficiency leads to damage to what?

Answer 28

mammillary bodies and medial temporal lobes

Question 29

# (symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome) What is confabulation?

Answer 29

Confabulation is where individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome cannot remember things properly so they make things up.

Question 30

What is marked and selective anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia a symptom of?

Answer 30

Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 31

# (symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome) What is apathy?

Answer 31

The lack of caring.

Question 32

Can people who suffer Korsakoff's syndrome develop dementia?

Answer 32

Yes.

Question 33

Can people with Korsakoff's syndrome recognise their own illness?

Answer 33

No, they lack the insight to understand their illness. They don't seem to know they have an issue.