l4

Question 1

From a self renewing stem cell comes a pluripotent stem cell. What comes from a pluripotent stem cell?

Answer 1

A lymphoid progenitor cell
or
Myeloid progenitor

Question 2

What comes from lymphoid progenitor stem cells

Answer 2

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

Question 3

What comes from a myeloid progenitor stem cell

Answer 3

A Megakaryocyte-platelets,
Basophil Colony forming unit(CFU)- Basophils ,
Erythroid CFU- Eosinophil CFU- Eosinophil ,
Granulocyte-monocyte CFU

Question 4

What comes from a granulocyte-monocyte CFU

Answer 4

Neutrophils

Or monocytes-Macrophages

Question 5

what cells are under phagocytic cells

Answer 5

Phagocyte
Neutrophil
Eosinophil

Question 6

what cells can be classified as a granulocyte

Answer 6

neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

Question 7

What cells are auxiliary cells (Inflammatory)

Answer 7

Basophil
Mast cells
Platelets

Question 8

Info on mast cells (4)

Answer 8

Tissues only
Release granules containing histamine and other active agents.
Prominent in mucosal and epithelial tissues.
Affect vascular permeability

Question 9

Basophils info(5)

Answer 9

Lobed nuclei ,
heavily granulated cytoplasm ,
non-phagocytic cells
release active agents ,
Allergic reactions-ectoparasite infection.
Express FCeRI: So IGE can bind t it- causing degranulation

Question 10

Eosinophil info-(6)

Answer 10

Bilobed nuclei 
Mobile phagocytic cells 
Parasitic role ,
mainly in tissues, 
Express FCeRI upon activation  ]Attack parasites in GI;respiratory tract and genito-urinary tract

Question 11

Neutrophils-(first responders) info-(4)

Answer 11

Multilobed nuclei
In blood
Short life span
Myeloperoxidase and ROS

Question 12

what is function and nature of myeloperoxidase and ROS

Answer 12

Myeloperoxidase functions as an enzyme that produces hypocholorous acid.
ROS- Reactive oxygen species that are radicals. BOTH resulting in oxidising damage.

Question 13

Monocyte info-(3)

Answer 13

Kidney shaped nucleus
From spleen
Form macrophages when migrating into tissues

Question 14

Macrophages-(2)

Answer 14

In tissues

More organelles-like lysosome compared to monocytes

Question 15

what types of pathogens cause disease and for each which cell deals with them (4)

Answer 15

bacterial-neutrophils and monocytes-chronic
Viral-lymphocytes and monocyte
parasitic-eosinophil
Fungal-Monocytes

Question 16

Allergy

Answer 16

Basophils and eosinophils-chronic

Activation of mast cells

Question 17

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 17

Build up of plaque in the lining of the arteries

Question 18

what are 3 areas of pathogenesis

Answer 18

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism
Endothelial cell dysfunction
Inflammation

Question 19

what is inflammation a response to(2)

Answer 19

infections and damaged tissue

Question 20

4 signs of inflam

Answer 20

heat pain redness swelling

Question 21

purpose of inflam

Answer 21

Bring cells in host defence and repair site

Question 22

What is a sterile inflam

Answer 22

Injury with absence of microbes

Question 23

Properties of acute inflam (5)

Answer 23

Initial rapid response 
Develops in minutes 
Last hours-days 
Mediated by neutrophils 
Resolves once stimulus is removed

Question 24

Chronic

Answer 24

Last weeks-months
Mononuclear cells -macs and lymphs
Tissue destruction
Attempts at healing-fibrosis

Question 25

\Basic inflammatory response steps-(5)

Answer 25

``` Blood vessels dilate Blood vessels-more permeable Circulating leukocytes migrate-tissue therefore activated destroy microbes ```

Question 26

Function of cytokines (3)

Answer 26

regulate development of immune effector cells Via paracrine signalling Messenger molecules-secreted by white blood cells

Question 27

Function of chemokines (3)

Answer 27

Chemotaxis | Attractants for leukocytes, monocytes and neutrophils

Question 28

Name some chemokines and functions (2)

Answer 28

MCP-1/CCL-2: Monocyte chemotactic | Protein 1: Cross endothelium and lodge in intima

Question 29

Specific information of what monocytes do at site of inflam-(3)

Answer 29

They bind to adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium near sites of infection and gets chemokine signal Migrates into surrounding tissue Differentiates into macrophage at site of infection

Question 30

what are the 2 types of endothelium contact

Answer 30

Initial Tighter adhesion

Question 31

Initial contact

Answer 31

P & E-Selectin recognised by oligosaccharides on leukocytes

Question 32

Tighter adhesion -ICAM-1 | VCAM-1

Answer 32

Intercellular adhesion molecules recognise integrins on leukocytes

Question 33

P-selectin platelets activate what 5 processes in monocytes

Answer 33

Thrombosis-Tissue factor Chemotaxis-MCP-1 Differentiation Activation of TNF-alpha and IL-8

Question 34

what do macrophages recognise to discriminate self from non self in CSR

Answer 34

Lipid polysaccharides

Question 35

Activation of macrophages via what 3 pattern recognition receptors -(3)

Answer 35

Macrophage mannose receptor ligand-conserved carbohydrate structures Scavanger receptors-ligand- anionic polymers, acetylated and oxidised LDL toll like receptors TLR-various opsonisation-coating with receptors

Question 36

SO What 2 processes link atherogenesis and the immune system together?

Answer 36

Damage of endothelium and lipid deposition:1) chemokines and cytokines produce, Recruitment of monocytes, develop into macrophages and foam cells-create immune response causing first statement or 2) potential exposure of collagen, platelet activation and coagulation