What are the 3 germ layers ?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
What is gastrulation ?
A developmental process where epiblast cells migrate through the primitive streak to form the 3 germ layers.
What is epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)?
A process where epithelial cells lose polarity and become migratory mesenchymal cells during gastrulation
What are somites ?
Paired epithelial blocks of mesoderm that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis.
What tissue arise from somites ?
vertebrar, ribs, skeletal muscle, dermis
From what tissue do somites arise from?
Presomitic mesoderm
In what direction do somites form ?
From anterior to posterior
What model explains somite formation ?
The clock and wavefront model
What does the wavefront represent ?
The FGF signalling gradient controlling spatial position of somite formation
What does the clock represent ?
Oscillating gene expression controlling timing of somite formation
Which signalling molecule forms a gradient controlling somite formation ?
Fibroblast growth factor
What happens when FGF levels are high ?
Somite formation is inhibited
What gene is part of the segmentation clock ?
Hes1
Hes1 is homologous to which Drosophila gene ?
hairy
What do Hox genes encode ?
Transcription factors
What is the function of Hox genes in development ?
Determine segment identity along the anterior-posterior axis
When is segment identity determined ?
During gastrulation
What determines whether cells become anterior or posterior structure ?
The timing of their exit from the primitive streak
Why do different species have different numbers of cervial vertebrae ?
Different in Hox gene expression domains
What happens when Hox genes are mutated ?
vertebrae can transform into other veterbral types
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L1 - Intro + The Biotech Industry and DNA Technologies15
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L2 - DNA Technologies and Protein Expression Systems20
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L3 - Model Systems and Techniques13
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L4 - Chromatin20
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L5 - DNA Modifications - Adding information to the genetic code14
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L6 - Micro RNAs: A class of RNAs with big impact on genetic regulation and development20
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L7 - Segmentation20
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L8 - Muscle Development23
