L9: Objections

Question 1

What are the types of suppositional arguments?

Answer 1

1. Conditional “proof:” something should be done because “If A, then B”
2. Reductio ad absurdum: Supposition to disprove; Suppositional modus tollens

Question 2

What are the symbols of logic?

Answer 2

1. ⊥ = Falsity; anything that is absurd
2. u = small u is supposition
3. ’ = part of a premise

Question 3

What are the requirements for supposition?

Answer 3

1. A standpoint is always asserted
2. A supposition and what is argued by means of it is unasserted
3. An unasserted reason “infects” whatever it supports so that it is suppositional
4. The supposition must have been withdrawn before the author arrives at their standpoint

Question 4

What are the ways of criticism?

Answer 4

Defense: an argumentative move that involves or prepares for a negative evaluation. Criticism:
1. Can focus at a reason (Why P?), connection (Why C if P?), formulation (That is a biased term) or person (Who are you to say this?)
2. Can have the speech act force of a question (tenability question), assertion (a denial) and argument (objection, counterargument, refutation etc.)
3. Can appeal to norms pertaining to persuasiveness (tenability, connection) and reasonableness (“Fallacy of Straw Man!”)

Question 5

What are fallacies?

Answer 5

A fallacy is a defect, flaw or transgression in reasoning, discussion or discourse that is important enough to merit our attention. Fallacies are not always reasoning that looks valid but is not, it is sometimes not even reasoning and sometimes does not even look valid at all. However, it does need to limit critical discussion.

Question 6

What are the stages of argumentation?

Answer 6

1. Encountering stage
2. Opening stage
3. Argumentation stage
4. Closing stage

Question 7

What are the fallacies of Rule 1?

Answer 7

Placing limits on propositions: Declaring standpoints taboo

Restricting the other party’s freedom of action:
By putting the other party under pressure - Argumentum ad baculum
By attacking the person - Argumentum ad hominem (3 types: Abusive ad hominem (insulting someone), poisoning the well (the person has an interest in the outcome) and Tu quoque (pointing a contradiction in the person’s previous statements/actions and their current argument ))

Question 8

What are the fallacies of Rule 2?

Answer 8

1. Fallacy of evading the Burden of Proof
2. Ethical fallacy
3. Fallacy of immunising the standpoint (word magic - the essence of a statement is so)
4. Fallacy of shifting the Burden of Proof (Why not?)

Question 9

What are the fallacies of Rule 3?

Answer 9

1. Fallacy of the straw man

Question 10

What are the fallacies of Rule 4?

Answer 10

1. Ignoratio Elenchi
2. Pathetic fallacy
3. Ethical fallacy

Question 11

What are the fallacies of Rule 6?

Answer 11

1. Fallacy of loaded terms, many questions
2. Begging the question (circular argument)

Question 12

What are the fallacies of Rule 7?

Answer 12

1. Denying the antecedent
2. Affirming the consequent
3. Fallacy of division/composition

Question 13

What are the fallacies of Rule 8?

Answer 13

1. Argumentum ad populum
2. False analogy
3. Slippery Slope

Question 14

What are the fallacies of Rule 9?

Answer 14

Argumentum ad Ignorantiam