1
Q
A
Down
2
Q
A
Filoplume
3
Q
A
Rictal Bristles
4
Q
A
Semiplume
5
Q
A
Contour
6
Q
A
Contour: Tail
7
Q
A
Ganoid
8
Q
Culmen on a beak
A
top edge
9
Q
Tomia on a beak
A
cutting edge
10
Q
Gonys on a beak
A
bottom edge
11
Q
A
Pleurodont
12
Q
A
Acrodont
13
Q
A
Thecodont: Alligator
14
Q
A
Thecodont: Pig
15
Q
A
Brachydont/Bunodont
16
Q
A
Hypsodont/Selenodont
17
Q
Where is Incisors?
A
Little tooth in front
18
Q
Where is the canine?
A
Large front tooth
19
Q
Where is sectorial tooth/carnassial?
A
Back big tooth
20
Q
Epiphysis
A
end of bone
21
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of bone
22
Q
metaphysis
A
the gap between the epiphyses and diaphysis. (cartilage)
23
Q
Vertebrae in mammals are entirely
A
endochondral
24
Q
vertebrae in teleosts
A
mostly intramembranous (part cartilage, but ossifies early)
25
Shark fin (fin rays)
26
Types of fin rays
Lepidotrichia
Ceratotrichia
27
Lepidotrichia
found in bony fishes and ealry tetrapods
28
lepidotrichia, in the dorsal fins are solid, pointy structures
spines (in fish)
29
posterior fins as well as most of the other lepidotrichia are softer, branched structures called
Rays
29
posterior fins as well as most of the other lepidotrichia are softer, branched structures called
Rays
30
Chondrichthyes has
ceratotrichia, which are made out of keratin and are straight unbranching structures
31
what type of bone is a patella (kneecap)
sesamoid; they form in tendons or ligaments at points of contact with underlying bones.
32
outer part of a bone
compact bone
33
What do most bones start out as being?
trabeculae or lines of bone called **Spongy or Cancellous Bone.**
34
keratinized projections on distal phalanges
claws
35
what do claws consist of
- hard dorsal portion: **ungis**
- flakier, ventral portion: **subungis**
36
flattened structures with little to no subungis
nails
37
bear the weight of the animal and consists of an ungis surrounding the subungis
present in ungulates
hooves
38
beak consists of
the bones themselves and the keratin coating or **rhamphoteca**
39
antlers
only found in male cervids (deers). They are branched with the number of branches increasing with age.
40
What are found in bovids (cows and sheeps) and consists of a living bony core and an outer layer of keratin. These are found in both sexes.
Horns
41
what types of scales are found in chondrichthyes
placoid scale (small teeth on the skin made of enamel and dentin)
42
have a thick layer of an enamel that was called ganoine because it was originally thought to be different from enamel.
ganoid scale
43
what is called cosmine to form a cosmoid scale?
dentin
44
- derived from ganoid scales
- layer of lamellar bone converted by a very thin layer of enamel
Elasmoid scales
45
types of elasmoid scales
cycloid + ctenoid
46
what type of scales do primitive fishes have?
cycloid
47
ctenoid scales are like cycloid scales, but they have
tiny tooth like projections (**cteni**), along the posterior margin
48
ganoid scale
49
scaleless and bony fishes
some fishes don't have scales.
These include primitive fishes such as hagfishes and lampreys.
50
epidermal scales
made of keratin from the epidermis without a bony, dermal contribution
51
Is hair homologous to scales?
No
52
whiskers of most mammals are thickened hairs called
vibrissae
53
center of a feather
rachis
54
calamus
attaches the rachi to the body
55
main body of the feather
vane
56
barbs
These are branching from the rachis, the barbs are linked together by **barbules**
57
flight feathers
the feather is highly asymmetrical around the rachis
58
tail feathers
the feathers are generally symmetrical to mildly asymmetrical
59
contour feathers
most of the feathers that are visible on the outside of the
body (including flight and tail feathers), contour feathers have interlocking
barbules and color distally and are downy basally.
60
semiplume feather
these feathers are like contour, but without
interlocking barbs on the distal margin.
61
filoplume feathers
these are modified feathers that are a long shaft with a
plume at the end. Peacock tail feathers are the most extreme example of
filoplumes.
62
rictal bristles
these are little more than a rachis, often with some downy
material at the base. We do not have examples of these.
63
down feathers
these fluffy feathers provide insulation to the bird. They are
generally short and with flexible barbs and no interlocking barbules. Because these feathers are generally covered by contour feathers, they are generally white.
64
alligators have keratin scales like birds do; however, these are on top of bony _
scutes
65
osteoderms
skin bones
66
mammals are _
heterodonts
67
what does heterodont mean?
different and tooth.
68
incisors
front teeth
69
hjørne tand (usuasally just one)
canine
70
the rest of the teeth are
premolar and molars
71
premolars are present in
deciduous dentition (baby teeth)
72
molars are present in
permanent detentition (adult teeth)
73
teeth for slicing and act like scissors
sectorial teeth
74
carnissials
upper fourth premolar and lower first molar.
75
alveolar ridge
place where teeth attach
76
acrodont
fishes, amphibians, tuataras and snakes, the teeth are loosely connected to the jaw and are present in a very shallow divot
(acro - tip or extremity and refers to the fact that the teeth are held right at the edge of alveolar ridge)
77
pleurodont
most lizards, teeth are supported on the inner wall of the jaw (pleuro - means to the side)
78
thecodont
teeth are held in deep sockets and have bases of the teeth extended as roots (mammals)
79
hypsodont
teeth are long
80
bracydont teeth
short teeth (humans)
81
bunodont
teeth have rounded cusps
82
selenodont
teeth have crescent shaped cusps
Comparative Anatomy
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