Lab #2. Histology

Question 1

What type of tissue can be found here? what organ might this be?

Answer 1

Epithelial -simple columnar

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

The stomach 40X

Question 2

Thick skin 10X

Question 3

Jejunum 10X what type of cells are found here?

Answer 3

epithelial = simple collumnar

smooth muscle

connective tissue

Question 4

thick skin 40X what cells are found here?

Question 5

Jejunum 40 X

Question 6

colon 10X

Question 7

thin skin 10 X

Question 8

stomach 10 X

Question 9

skeletal muscle 40X

Question 10

cardiac muscle 40X

Question 11

What is this what cells are found here?

Answer 11

spinal cord X10 -Neurons

Question 12

spinal cord 40X

Question 13

What is histogenesis?

Answer 13

The differentiation of cells into specialized tissues and organs during growth

Question 14

What are the main components of ECM (extracellular matrix)?

Answer 14

1. water
2. proteins

a) glycoproteins
3. proteoglycans

Question 15

What is the function of a fibroblast? in which tissue is it found?

Answer 15

fibroblasts are cells responsible for the sysnthesis of ECM components (they produce collagen) found in larger numbers in connective tissue (involved in wound healing)

Question 16

What are proteoglycans? what do they do? what cell produces them? give an example.

Answer 16

Proteoglycans are found in the ECM. They absorb water which provides lubrication and resiliency. They are nature’s shock absorbers for your joints. They are produced by the chondrocytes. EX: chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and hyaluronic acid

Question 17

What are the main types of tissues?

Answer 17

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue

Question 18

What are the types of epithelial tissues??

Answer 18

1. covering or lining epithelium
2. glandular epithelium

Question 19

what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? give an example of each.

Answer 19

Exocrine glands discharge secretions into ducts

ex:salivary or sweat glands

Endocrine glands are “ductless” glands, they discharge secretions directly into the blood or interstitial fluid

ex: thymus, adrenal, etc

Question 20

What are the types of glandular epithelium?? give an example where they are found.

Answer 20

1. Apocrine - product pinches off and is released by apex - ex: mammary glands, goblet cells, etc
2. Holocrine- product collects in the cell and when it is released the plasma membrane ruptures- ex: sebaceous glands
3. Merocrine (or eccrine): secreted product through plasma membrane - ex: salivary glands, sweat glands

Question 21

What are the characteristics that all epithelial tissue share?

Answer 21

1. It is made up of many cells close to each other and there is very little ECM between cells
2. they are united to adjacent cells by junctions (gap, tight and desmosomes)
3. *all have one free surface called the apical surface and one lower surface called the basal surface
4. *the basal surface rests on a basement membrane, a non living adhesive material secreted by the epithelium
5. *they are avascular meaning they lack blood vessels
6. *they are characterized by frequent cell division

***With the exception of endocrine glands***

Question 22

What are the Crypts of Lieberkühn? where are they found?

Answer 22

they are glands which secrete various enzymes into the small intestine.

Question 23

What are the types of cell shapes for epithelial tissue? give and example of where each is found?

Answer 23

1. Squamous (flattened)
   a) simple -alveoli of lungs, blood vessels
   b) stratified - skin, mouth
   
   2. **Cuboidal **
      a) simple - ovaries, kidneys
      b) stratified -mammary glands, sweat glands
   3. Columnar
      a) simple - intestines, uterus
      b) stratified - Vas deferens, urethra (male)
   4. Pseudostratified - trachea, fallopian tubes
   5. Transitional - bladder

Question 24

What are the types of connective tissue? what are the functions of these?

Answer 24

1. Fibrous - stretch, pulling/pushing force
2. Cartilage - cushioning and support
3. Adipose - insulation and cushioning
4. Bone - support + protection
5. Blood - transport

Question 25

What are the types of cartilage? where is it found?

Answer 25

1. Elastic - ear + epiglottis 2. Fibrocartilage - symphysis pubis joint 3. Hyaline - trachea + joints

Question 26

What are Lacunae?

Answer 26

Lacunae are small holes that contain a chondrocyte in cartilage or an osteocyte in bone

Question 27

What give cartilage it's shiny appearance?

Answer 27

Hyaluronic acid

Question 28

What are the types of bone?

Answer 28

1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone

Question 29

Name the structures in this tissue. what kind of tissue is this?

Answer 29

1. Haversian canal 2. Canaliculi 3. Lamellae 4. Lacunae Connective tissue - compact bone

Question 30

What is blood made of?

Answer 30

1. Liquid fraction = plasma 2. Platelets 3. RBCs or erythrocytes 4. WBCs or leukocytes

Question 31

What are the types of muscle tissue? how can you tell them appart?

Answer 31

1. skeletal muscle- striated and multinucleated (voluntary) 2. cardiac muscle - striated branching cells with intercalated disks (involuntary) 3. smooth muscle -nonstriated, elongated, fusiform cells (involuntary)

Question 32

What are characteristics that all muscle tissue share in common?

Answer 32

1. made up of lots of cells close together with very little ECM 2. well vascularized 3. cells are elongated 4. cells contain myofilaments (contractile proteins)

Question 33

Name the structures of the neuron and their functions.

Answer 33

1. Axon: transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body 2. Body 3. dendrites: transmit nerve impulses toward the cell body and axon

Question 34

What are glial cells what do they do?

Answer 34

Glial cells are helper cells or “little maids” and they support, protect and bind neurons