1191 LAB > LAB 4 > Flashcards

LAB 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

how are hormones distributed throughout the body?

A
  • organs and tissues secrete hormones into interstitial fluid
  • hormones diffuse into nearby capillaries
  • cardiovascular system transports them throughout body
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2
Q

what are local hormones?

A

hormones that affect neighbouring cells or cells that secreted them
- inactivated quickly

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3
Q

what are circulating hormones?

A

hormones that are transported around body
- may be active for minutes to hours

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4
Q

what can hormones affect?

A

the activity of an organ/tissue that contains cells with receptors specific for that hormone

  • receptors maybe in target cell
  • receptors may be on plasmalemma
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5
Q

how do hormones affect homeostasis?

A
  • stimulates changes in metabolic activity and growth of target cells
  • results in growth and development of body
  • regulates metabolism and homeostasis
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6
Q

where does the pituitary gland lie?

A

on sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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7
Q

where do the hypothalamus’ secreted hormones travel?

A

in capillaries of hypophyseal portal system, which carries them directly to the anterior pituitary

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8
Q

what do the hypothalamic hormones do?

A

they can stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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9
Q

what are two hormones produced by hypothalamus which are transported to posterior pituitary?

A
  • oxytocin
  • antidiuretic hormone
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10
Q

how are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin transported to posterior pituitary by the hypothalamus?

A
  • packaged into secretory vesicles
  • moved along axons in infundibular stalk to posterior pituitary
  • fast axonal transport used
  • posterior pituitary stores ADH and oxytocin until nerve impulses stimulate release into capillaries
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11
Q

describe the staining of anterior and posterior pituitary

A

anterior: darker stained
posterior: lighter stained

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12
Q

describe appearance of actively synthesizing cells of anterior pituitary

A

they stain dark red and purple, giving anterior portion of the gland a distinctive grainy appearance

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13
Q

describe appearance of posterior pituitary

A

typically stains a light pink colour, appears streaky

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14
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: liver, bone, muscle, cartilage

EFFECT:
- stimulates target tissues to synthesize and secrete growth factors, promoting growth of body tissues
- enhances lipolysis
- decreases glucose intake

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15
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: thyroid

EFFECT: stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine)

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16
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: ovaries, testes

EFFECT:
- ♀ initiates oocyte development
- ♀ induces ovarian secretion of estrogens
- ♂ stimulates testes to produce sperm

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17
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: ovaries, testes

EFFECT:
- ♀ stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion
- ♀ stimulates ovulation
- ♂ stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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18
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: glandular cells of mammary glands

EFFECT: promotes milk production by mammary glands

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19
Q

AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: suprarenal cortex

EFFECT: stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

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20
Q

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: cutaneous membrane

EFFECT: causes darkening of skin, may influence brain activity

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21
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

GLAND: posterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: smooth muscle of uterus and mammary glands

EFFECT:

  • contraction of smooth muscle of uterus during pregnancy
  • milk secretion by contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands
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22
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

GLAND: posterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: kidneys, sweat glands, and arterioles

EFFECT:
- conserved body water, decreases urine volume
- decreases water loss through perspiration
- raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

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23
Q

how do you palpate your thyroid?

A

place thumb and fingers on either side of trachea, btwn jaw and collar bones

when you swallow, thyroid goes up and down

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24
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A
  • inferior to larynx
  • anterior to trachea
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25
where are the parathyroid glands?
embedded on posterior surface of thyroid gland
26
what are the thyroid's follicles?
large oval sacs where thyroid gland stores hormones
27
what are T thyrocytes?
*follicular cells* forms the wall of each follicle in thyroid, **collects iodine from blood** and synthesizes *thyroglobulin(TGB)*
28
where is thyroglobulin and iodine used?
incorporated into thyroid hormones
29
where is thyroglobulin stored in?
the lumen of the thyroid's follicles
30
what are C thyrocytes?
*parafollicular cells* hormone-producing cuboidal cells located between adjacent follicles and produce **calcitonin**
31
what are dense prinicipal parathyroid cells?
cells in parathyroid glands that produce and secrete parathyroid hormone
32
what is a goiter?
enlarged thyroid gland
33
Triiodothyronine (T3)
GLAND: thyroid (T thyrocytes) EFFECT: - increase BMR - stimulate protein synthesis - accelerate body growth
34
Thyroxine (T4)
GLAND: thyroid (T thyrocytes) EFFECT: - increase BMR - stimulate protein synthesis - accelerate body growth
35
Calcitonin (CT)
GLAND: thyroid (C thyrocytes) EFFECT: - lowers Ca 2+ and HPO4 2- levels in blood - inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts - accelerates Ca 2+ and PO4 uptake into bone extracellular matrix
36
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
GLAND: parathyroid (dense principal parathyroid cells) EFFECT: - increases blood calcium and magnesium levels - decreases blood HPO4 2- levels - increases bone resoprtion by osteoclasts - increases Ca 2+ reabsorption and HPO4 2- secretion by kidneys - promotes calcitriol formation
37
what is the suprarenal cortex formed of?
glandular epithelium
38
what is the suprarenal medulla composed of?
highly modified neurons
39
what are the three zones of the suprarenal cortex?
- zona glomerulosa - zona fasciculata - zona reticularis
40
what is the zona glomerulosa
outermost layer of suprarenal cortex - secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
41
what is the zona fasciculata?
intermediate layer of suprarenal cortex - secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)
42
what is the zona reticularis?
deep layer of suprarenal cortex - secrets androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone)
43
what are chromaffin cells?
neurons w/ no axons, found in suprarenal medulla - produce and secrete hormones instead of neurotransmitters
44
describe staining of suprarenal cortex and medulla
medulla: pale cortex: dark -- zona glomerulosa: dark-stained -- zona fasciculata: larger, stained lighter, arranged in parallel columns alternating w/ blood vessels -- zona reticularis: dark-stained
45
how do you distinguish the suprarenal cortex and medulla by the organization of their cells?
in cortex: cells form strings that run perpendicular to surface of the organ, pointing towards medulla in medulla: large, lighter stained cells and many blood vessels
46
Aldosterone
- mineralocorticoid GLAND: suprarenal cortex EFFECT: increases NA+ and H2O blood levels, decreases K+ blood levels
47
Cortisol
- glucocorticoid GLAND: suprarenal cortex EFFECT: - increases protein breakdown (except in liver) - stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis - provides resistance to stress - dampens inflammation - depresses immune responses
48
DeHydroEpiAndrosterone (DHEA)
- androgen GLAND: suprarenal cortex EFFECT: assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes - ♀ contributes to libido and are source of estrogens after menopause
49
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
GLAND: suprarenal medulla EFFECT: enhances effects of sympathetic part of Autonomic Nervous System during stress
50
what is the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
the lighter stained pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), responsible for insulin and glucagon production
51
digestive enzymes and buffers
GLAND: pancreas (acini) EFFECT: stabilizes pH, catalyzes food breakdown
52
glucagon
GLAND: pancreas (alpha cells in islets) EFFECT: - raises blood glucose levels - releases glucose into blood - increases glycogen breakdown into glucose in liver (glycogenolysis)
53
insulin
GLAND: pancreas (beta cells of islets) EFFECT: - lowers blood glucose levels - accelerates glucose transport into cells - accelerated glucose into glycogen
54
what are ovaries?
gonads found in female pelvic cavity
55
what are the gonads?
gamete-producing organs of the reproductive system
56
what are testes?
gonads found in male's scrotum
57
what is the general function of hormones secreted by the gonads?
regulates the development and maintenance of the reproductive system
58
what do the corpus luteum and granulosa cells in the ovaries do?
produces: - progesterone - estrogen - inhibin - relaxin
59
what are nurse cells?
- in the seminiferous tubules of the testes - secrete inhibin
60
what are interstitial endocrine cells?
- found between the seminiferous tubules of the testes - produce testosterone
61
what are primordial follicles?
- numerous at outer edge of ovarian cortex - contains immature oocytes
62
what are primary follicles?
- what primordial follicles turn into under influence of follicle-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary - single layer of cuboidal epithelium cells srrounding them
63
what are granulosa cells?
the follicular cell layer of more mature primary follicles
64
what are secondary follicles?
what primary follicles turn into after stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary - have follicular fluid in the antrum (large pool of fluid sandwiched btwn 2 layers of cuboidal epithelium) - layer of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte secretes estrogens
65
what is ovulation?
process where surge of luteinizing hormone from anterior pituitary causes tertiary ovarian follicle to rupture and release an oocyte
66
what is the corpus luteum?
a ruptured tertiary ovaria follicle that continues to secrete hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, and relaxin if stimulated by luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary
67
what are seminiferous tubules?
tightly coiled structures within the lobules of the testes that produce spermatozoa
68
estrogens
STRUCTURE: granulosa cells, corpus luteum EFFECT: - governs oocyte development - maintains female genital structures - maintains appearance of secondary sex characteristics, promotes enlargement of breasts and widening of hips
69
inhibin (in females)
ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: granulosa cells, corpus luteum EFFECT: inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone secretion from anterior pituitary
70
relaxin
ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: corpus luteum EFFECT: - increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy - helps dilate uterine cervix during labour and delivery
71
progesterone
ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: corpus luteum EFFECT: - helps prepare endometrium of uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum - prepares mammary glands for milk secretion
72
testosterone
ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: Leydig cells EFFECT: - stimulates descent of testes before birth - regulates sperm production - promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
73
inhibin (in males)
ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: Nurse cells EFFECT: inhibits follicle-stimulating secretion from anterior pituitary
74
what is the pineal gland?
posterior part of the epithalamus, located along roof of third ventricle - secreted melatonin
75
melatonin
GLAND: pineal gland EFFECT: - helps set timing of body's biological clock - promotes sleepiness - antioxidant; protects against radicals
76
what is the thymus?
large gland in mediastinum that is active in immune system of infants, beginning to atrophy at puberty - cells in thymic cortex releases: -- thymosin -- thymic humoral factor -- thymic factor -- thymopoietin
77
thymosin
GLAND: thymus EFFECT: - promotes maturation of T-cells - slows down aging process
78
thymic humoral factor
GLAND: thymus EFFECT: - promotes maturation of T-cells - slows down aging process
79
thymopoietin
GLAND: thymus EFFECT: - promotes maturation of T-cells - slows down aging process
80
thymic factor
GLAND: thymus EFFECT: - promotes maturation of T-cells - slows down aging process
81
what is hyposecretion?
inadequate amounts of a hormone being produced
82
what is hypersecretion?
excessive amounts of hormone being produced
83
hyposecretion of growth hormone
GLAND: anterior pituitary EFFECT: pituitary dwarfism
84
hypersecretion of growth hormone
GLAND: anterior pituitary EFFECT: giantism
85
hyposecretion of ADH
GLAND: posterior pituitary EFFECT: diabetes insipidus
86
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
GLAND: thyroid EFFECT: congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema (adults)
87
hyperthyroidism
GLAND: thyroid EFFECT: Grave's disease/ Opthalmic hyperthyroidism
88
Lack of Iodine
GLAND: thyroid EFFECT: Goiter, enlarged thyroid
89
inability to produce insulin b/c immune system destroys beta cells
GLAND: pancreas EFFECT: Type I diabetes
90
target cells have fewer insulin receptors
GLAND: pancreas EFFECT: Type II diabetes
91
too much insulin injected by diabetic
GLAND: pancreas EFFECT: hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia
92
Hormones that are also neurotransmitters
Adrenaline, cortisol, melatonin, norepinephrine
93
Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands
- Endocrine glands secrete hormones directory into blood/circulatory system - Exocrine glands secrete hormones into ducts
94
How is the level of T3 and T4 hormones regulated in the blood?
when the level of thyroid hormones drops too low, the pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce more hormones
95
Why do hormones only affect specific cells and not all body cells?
Because certain cells have specific receptors that fit for the hormones shape
96
What happens when your blood glucose level goes up?
insulin released
97
What happens when your blood glucose level goes down?
glucagon released
98
How is the level of cortisol regulated in the blood?
lowered cortisol in the blood causes hypothalamus to release corticotrophin-releasing hormone cause pituitary to release ACTH which stimulates the release of cortisol adrenal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus
99
How is the level of calcium regulated in the blood?
The parathyroid hormone is responsible for the regulation of blood calcium levels
100
how is the level of testosterone regulated in the blood?
Regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
1191 LAB
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