Testing urines involves determination of
Physical characteristics
Chemical Analysis
Sediment examination
Urine should be tested within ____ of collection or refrigerated
1 hour
What are the 6 types of urine samples
- Random
- Timed
- First morning
- Fasting
- Culture
- Collection container
What are the 5 types of urine collections
- Routine/regular (no special pt prep required)
- Midstream
- Clean catch
- Catheterized
- 24 hour urine
Outline the steps to educating a patient on how to collect a mid-steam clean-catch specimen
- Wash hands
- Prepare container
- Clean genital area
- Begin urination
- Collect midstream sample
- Finish urinating in toilet
- Close container
- Wash hands
- Label
- Send to lab
How much urine is typically required for a complete urinalysis (not including culture for micro lab)
12mL
What causes the characteristic urine odour
Volatile acids in contrast to the ammonia smell generated as it stands
Acidic urine may contain what
Amorphous urate crystals
Basic urine may contain what
Amorphous phosphates crystals
Yellow pigment in urine is caused by what?
Bilirubin derivatives
Yellow-brown-green pigment in urine is caused by what
Bile
Red-brown pigment in urine after standing is caused by what
Porphyrins
Reddish-brown pigment in fresh urine is caused by what
Hemoglobin
Brownish-black urine my be caused by what
Alkaptonuria (homogentisic acid) or melanin when exposed to air
Excessive foaming in the urine is caused by what
Proteinuria - high protein content
Yellow foam in urine may indicate what
Significant levels of bilirubin metabolites
Urine sticks are capable of measuring what?
Specific gravity
pH
Protein
Ketones
Glucose
Bilirubin
Blood
Nitrite
Leukocytes
Urobilinogen
Specific gravity is proportional to what?
Urine osmolality (solute concentration)
Abnormal urine pH may be due to what
disease, diet, drugs
Elevated protein in the urine could indicate what
Renal impairment
Elevated ketones in the urine could indicate what
Low carb diets, starvation, diabetes, alcoholism
Elevated glucose in the urine could indicate what
Renal impairment, diabetes, drugs
Elevated bilirubin in the urine could indicate what
Liver disease
A positive result of blood in the urine could indicate what
Trauma, infection, inflammation, clotting disorders
