A very strong correlation is _____
> 0.8
A strong correlation is _____
0.5 - 0.8
A moderate correlation is ____
0.3 - 0.5
Criteria for Major Depressive Episode ( 5+ symptoms /9 during the same 2-week period). At least one symptom is either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. Name the 7 other symptoms
- Depressed mood - in children and adolescents this can be irritability.
- Diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
- Significant weight loss or weight gain. Or decrease/increase in appetite
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Psychomotor agitation or retardation
- Fatigue or loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
- Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
- Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal thoughts
Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent
Presence of two or more Major Depressive Episodes, with an interval of at least two consecutive months in which criteria are not met for Major Depressive Episode
13 symptoms for Panic Attack (4 or more develop abruptly and reach peak within 10 minutes)
- Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
- Sweating
- Trembling or shaking
- Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
- Feelings of choking
- Chest Pain or discomfort
- Nausea or adbominal distress
- Feelings dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded or faint
- Derealisation (feelings of unreality), or depersonalisation (being detached from oneself)
- Fear of losing control
- Fear of dying
- Paresthesias ( numbness or tingling)
- Chills or hot flushes
Criteria for Agoraphobia (2)
- Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help may not be available in the event of having a panic attack
- The situations are avoided or else are endured with marked distress or with anxiety about having a panic attack, or require the presence of a companion
Criteria for Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
- Both 1 and 2:
1. Recurrent unexpected Panic Attacks
2. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month or more of one or more of the following:
a) persistent concern about having additional panic attacks
b) worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences
c) a significant change in behaviour related to the attacks
- Both 1 and 2:
- The presence of Agoraphobia
Criteria for Substance Dependence (7) - 3 or more symptoms in a 12-month period
- Tolerance, as defined by either:
a) A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
b) markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance - Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:
a) the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance
b) the same or a closely related substance is taken to relive or avoid withdrawal symptoms - The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended
- There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use
- A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects
- Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use.
- The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused by exacerbated by the substance.
Criteria for Alcohol Withdrawal
A. Cessation of alcohol use that has been heavy and prolonged
B. Two or more of the following, developing several hours to a few days after
1. Autonomic hyperactivity
2. Increased hand tremors
3. Insomnia
4. Nausea or vomiting
5. Transient visual, tactile or auditory hallucinations or illusions
6. Psychomotor agitation
7. Grand mal seizures
Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa
- Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height
- Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight
- Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight of shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight on shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight
- In postmenarcheal females, the absence of at least three consecutive periods.
Two specific types of Anorexia Nervosa
- Restricting type: During the current episode the person has not regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behaviour
- Binge-eating/ purging type: During the current episode the person has regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behaviour
Three subtypes of ADHD
- Inattentive
- Hyperactive/Impulsive
- Combined
Children and Adolescents with ADHD sometimes experience other difficulties such as ____
Learning disabilities, academic failure, problems with Executive Functioning, social and conductive problems and increased accidents and injury.
ADHD appears more frequently in
a) boys
b) girls
a) boys with a frequency of 3:1
Causes of ADHD are ____
Brain dysfunction, specifically in the frontal/striatal areas of the brain. The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and domaine have also been implicated.
Criteria for Inattention
a) often fils to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in work
b) often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
c) often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
d) often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish things
e) often has difficulty organising tasks and activities
f) often avoids, dislikes or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort
g) often loses things necessary for tasks or activities
h) is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
i) is often forgetful in daily activities
Criteria for Hyperactivity
a) often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms
b) often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected
c) often runs about of climbs excessively in situations where it is inappropriate
d) often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly
e) is often on the go
f) often talks excessively
Criteria for impulsivity
a) often hurts out answers before questions have been completed
b) often has difficulty waiting turn
c) often interrupts or intrudes others
Autism is more common in
a) boys
b) girls
a) boys
Autism is characterised by ___
Impairments in communication and social skills, and restrictive, repetitive and stereotypes patterns of interest and behaviours
Behaviours of autism include
Obsessive routines and rituals, abnormal preoccupations, insistence on sameness or stereotyped body movements. They may also get caught in minute details rather than the macroscopic details of their world.
Also experience profound social communication deficits, including difficulties relating to others, orientations to social stimuli, imitation and noticing and understanding other peoples feelings.
Criteria for Autistic Disorder
1) Qualitative impairment in social interaction
a) Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviours
b) failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level
c) lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests or achievements with other people
d) lack of social or emotional reciprocity
2) Qualitative impairments in communication
a) delay in, or total lack or, the development of spoken language
b) inability ot initiate or sustain conversation
c) stereotyped and repetitive use of language
d) lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play
3) Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interest and activities
a) encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal
b) apparently inflexible adherence to specific, non-functional routines or rituals
c) stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms
d) persisten preoccupation with parts of objects
Unoccupied play - non-social
Children do not appear to be playing. Engage in some random movement with no goal
