NPB 101L > Lab 6 Prelab > Flashcards

Lab 6 Prelab Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Exchange gases b/t external environment and the body

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2
Q

How does air travel into the airways during ventilation?

A

Down a pressure gradient

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3
Q

Describe the pathway of air during ventilation.

A
  1. Entry through nose/mouth
  2. Passage through nasopharynx, oropharynx, glottis, larynx
  3. Entry into tracheobronchial tree
  4. Gas exchange at alveoli
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4
Q

Describe the branching of the airways.

A

Airways –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts

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5
Q

What makes up the conducting zone of the respiratory system? Characteristics?

A
  • Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
  • First 16 generations contain no alveoli and do not participate in gas exchange
  • Anatomical dead space
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6
Q

What makes up the transitional and respiratory zones of the respiratory system? Characteristics?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
  • Alveolar ducts and alveoli begin to appear and gas exchange can occur
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7
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

A

At the alveolar-capillary unit

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8
Q

What is external respiration? What happens during this process?

A

Gas exchange occurring at the alveolar-capillary unit

  • Air is humidified
  • Gas is dissolved for diffusion down its partial pressure gradient
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of alveoli that make them ideal for gas exchange?

A
  • Thin-walled
  • Highly vascularized
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10
Q

What is internal respiration? What happens during this process?

A

Intracellular metabolic processes of mitochondria

  • O2 diffuses into cells and tissues down partial pressure gradients and is used to generate ATP
  • CO2 is produced and diffuses back out
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11
Q

What is the PO2 and PCO2 content in the venous blood?

A
  • PO2 < 40 mmHg
  • PCO2 > 46 mmHg
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12
Q

What is the PO2 and PCO2 content in the alveolar air?

A
  • PO2 ~ 100 mmHg
  • PCO2 ~ 40 mmHg
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13
Q

Describe oxygen transport involving hemoglobin. How many O2 molecules can bind to one Hb molecule? How is O2 delivered to the tissue?

A
  • O2 diffuses into plasma and is loaded onto hemoglobin molecules
  • A conformational shift allows more O2 to bind to Hb (up to 4 O2 per Hb)
  • Arterial O2 saturation is usually 100%
  • Change in PO2 and pH at the receiving tissue reduces Hb’s affinity for O2 –> O2 gets delivered to the tissue
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14
Q

After CO2 diffuses from the cell into the capillary blood, in what 3 major ways can it react? What % of the CO2 reacts in each way?

A
  • ~8% will react slowly to form bicarbonate
  • ~65% will enter RBCs and react rapidly w/ water and carbonic anhydrase (CA) to form bicarbonate
  • ~27% will enter the RBC and react w/ terminal amine groups of blood proteins (primarily Hb), forming carbaminohemoglobin
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15
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

Pressure at the interface of the lung and chest wall

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16
Q

What is “V dot”? Equation?

A

V = flow of air during ventilation

V = (Palv - Patm) / R

  • R = 0
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17
Q

List the muscles of inspiration.

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostals
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18
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm? Innervation?

A
  • Contracts downward to expand the intrapleural space during inspiration
  • Innervated by the phrenic nerve
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19
Q

What is the function of the external intercostals? Innervation?

A
  • Contracts during deep breathing to raise and enlarge the rib cage
  • Innervated by intercostal nerves
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20
Q

Describe the process of inspiration.

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles are activated to contract
  2. Thoracic volume increases
  3. Intrapleural pressure is reduced
  4. Alveoli enlarge passively and Palv is reduced
  5. Air flows into lungs
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21
Q

What muscles are involved in normal expiration?

A

None required during normal breathing b/c expiration is passive

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22
Q

What muscles are involved in forceful expiration?

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A

Abdominal wall and internal intercostals

23
Q

Describe the process of expiration.

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A
  1. Relaxation of inspiratory muscles
  2. Elastic recoil of lungs increases alveolar pressure
  3. Air moves out of lungs down the pressure gradient
24
Q

Define tidal volume. Normal resting value? What does it look like on a spirogram?

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A
  • Volume of air entering and leaving the lungs w/ each normal breath
  • TV = 500 mL at rest
25
Define inspiratory reserve volume. Normal resting value? What does it look like on a spirogram?
* Additional volume of gas that can be inhaled above TV during a forced maximal inspiration * IRV = 2000 - 3000 mL at rest
26
Define expiratory reserve volume. Normal resting value? What does it look like on a spirogram?
* Additional volume of gas that can be exhaled beyone TV during a forced maximal expiration * ERV = 1000 mL at rest
27
Define residual volume. Normal resting value? What does it look like on a spirogram?
* Volume of gas left after a maximal forced expiration (due to anatomical dead space) * RV = 800 - 1200 mL at rest
28
Define total lung capacity. Equation? Normal value? What does it look like on a spirogram?
* Total volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration * TLC = RV + ERV + TV + IRV * TLC = 4000 - 5000 mL
29
Define functional residual capacity. Equation? Normal value? What does it look like on a spirogram?
* Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal expiration * FRC = RV + ERV * FRC = 2000 mL
30
Define vital capacity. Equation? Normal value? What does it look like on a spirogram?
* Volume of air expelled from the lungs after a maximal inspiration and expiration * VC = ERV + TV + IRV * VC = 3000 - 4000 mL
31
Define inspiratory capacity. Equation? Normal value? What does it look like on a spirogram?
* Volume of air that can be inspired * IC = TV + IRV * IC = 2500 -3500 mL
32
What factors affect ventilation?
* Arterial PCO2 and PO2 * Blood pH * Temp * Exercise or anticipation of exercise * Voluntary control
33
What are the receptors involved in respiratory control? Locations?
* Contral chemoreceptors (medulla oblongata) * Peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic arch & carotid body) * Muscle spindle / stretch receptors (lung parenchyma)
34
Breathing is spontaneously initiated by what?
Pons and medullary respiratory centers
35
What makes up the Medullary/Pons respiratory centers?
* Dorsal respiratory group * Ventral respiratory group * Pre-Botzinger complex * Pneomotaxic center * Apneustic center
36
What is the dorsal respiratory group? What does it contain?
* Contains mostly inspiratory neurons (like the phrenic nerve)
37
What is the ventral respiratory group? What does it contain?
* Contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons, but more important in pacing (exercise)
38
What does the pre-botzinger complex contain?
Pacemakers
39
What is the pneumotaxic center involved in?
Stopping inspiration
40
What is the apneustic center involved in?
Initiating inspiration
41
Define hyperventilation. What conditions can it lead to?
* An increase in ventilation achieved by increasing respiratiry rate and/or TV, not related to metaboilc drive * Can lead to hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis (increase in pH)
42
What is hypocapnia? How does hyperventilation lead to hypocapnia? What does that cause?
* Rate of ventilation is higher than what is needed to remove CO2 from blood * Leads to a decrease in PCO2 (hypocapnia) * Decreased PCO2 causes decreased inspiratory drive
43
What is respiratory alkalosis? Mechanism? Symptoms?
* Increase in pH * Mechanism: prolonged hyperventilation * Leads to vasoconstriction in brain arterioles --\> decrease in blood flow to brain --\> dizziness
44
What is hypoventilation? What conditions does this lead to?
* A decrease in ventilation * Leads to an increase in arterial PCO2 (hypercapnia) * Increase in PCO2 will cause a decerase in pH (respiratory acidosis) * Activates chemoreceptors to increase respiratory rate
45
What is the function of the peripheral chemoreceptors of the respiratory system? Locations? What happens when they are activated?
* Able to sense decreases in arterial PO2 (hypoxia) increases in PCO2 (to a lesser extent), and decreases in pH * Activation of receptors will cause an increase in ventilation rate * Carotid bodies and aortic arch
46
What is the function of the central chemoreceptors of the respiratory system? Location?
* Sense increases in PCO2 and decreases in pH by sensing [H+] in cerebrospinal fluid * Activate receptors will caus an increase in ventilation rate * Located in the medullary respiratory center
47
Where are stretch receptors of the respiratory system located?
* Smooth muscle of large and small airways * Lung parenchyma (connective tissue around lungs)
48
What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?
* Stretch detected by stretch receptors * High levels of inflation --\> ncreased stretch --\> inhibition of inspiratory neurons --\> decreased respiratory drive * Low levels of inflation --\> decrease in stretch --\> activation of inspiratory neurons --\> increased respiratory drive * Contributes to pacemaking and initiation of inspiration and expiration
49
Define hyperpnea.
Increase in ventilation matching an increase in metabolic activity, such as exercise
50
What makes hyperpnea different than hyperventilation?
Ventilation rates matches the need for CO2 removal, so there is no decrease in arterial PCO2 beyond normal as seen in hyperventilation
51
What occurs in the lungs during exercise hyperpnea? Significance
* Perfusion of upper lungs increases to increase gas exchange * Larger surface area is needed to make up for increase pulmonary vascular pressure
52
What is minute ventilation? Equation?
* Volume of air that was moved in and out of the lungs per minute * VE = TV x RR
53
What is dead space ventilation? Equation?
* Volume of air not participating in gas exchange per minute * VDS = DSvol x RR
54
What is alveolar ventilation? Equation?
* Part of the TV that enters or leaves the gas exchange of the lung per breath per minute * VA = (TV -DSvol) x RR = VE - VDS
NPB 101L
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