Lab #8 Prep

Question 1

two separate processes of respiration

Answer 1

external respiration and cellular respiration (metabolic use of oxygen at a subcellular level)

Question 2

what are we doing today?

Answer 2

use the Lab Station to: perform spirometry, lung volume, breathing, respiratory case study

Question 3

external respiration definition

Answer 3

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the cell
ventilation + transport and exchange of oxygen and CO2 between the lungs and the cell

Question 4

ventilation definition

Answer 4

the exchange of gases between the environment and the lung

Question 5

what is the respiratory system composed of

Answer 5

a gas-exchange organ (lungs) + pump (respiratory muscles of chest wall (sternocleidomastoids + scalene + internal and external intercostals, diaphragm)

Question 6

diaphragm definition

Answer 6

flat sheet of muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen

Question 7

how does boyle’s law apply

Answer 7

P1V1 = P2V2
air is moved in and out of lungs by pressure differences created through movement of rib cage and the diaphragm

Question 8

what happens when the eternal intercostal muscles, scalene, and sternocleidomastoid muscles contract

Answer 8

the ribs move up and out and the diaphragm contracts and moves down into the abdomen

Question 9

what happens as a result of the movement of ribs and diaghragm

Answer 9

volume of thoracic cage increases

Question 10

inspiration

Answer 10

increased volume causes pressure within the lungs to drop below atmospheric pressure so air flows in

Question 11

after inspiration what happens?

Answer 11

intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
volume of thoracic cage decreases due to elastic recoil of lungs and chest wall, so pressure within lungs increases, and air flows out (Expiration)

Question 12

where does the process of ventilation arise in the brain

Answer 12

medulla and neurons connect them to muscles

Question 13

tidal volume

Answer 13

total amount of air moved in a normal inspiration/expiration
500 ml (12-15 bm)

Question 14

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 14

amount of air that can be forcefully expelled with a maximum conscious expiration following quiet expiration

Question 15

residual volume

Answer 15

remaining air that cannot be forced out of the lungs

Question 16

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

amount of air brought into the lungs over and above the normal tidal volume

Question 17

total lung capacity

Answer 17

total amount of air the lung is capable of holding (sum of all four volumes)

Question 18

vital capacity

Answer 18

the max amount of air which can be forcefully exchanged by voluntary inspiration and expiration

Question 19

inspiratory capacity

Answer 19

max amount of air which can be inspired from the ends of a normal expiration (tv + irv)
(if the patient has a disease that affects recoil, the capacity will be decreased)

Question 20

functional residual capacity

Answer 20

sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

Question 21

total pulmonary ventilation/ minute volume

Answer 21

amount of air moved in a period of time
Tidal volume (ml/breath) + respiratory rate (breaths/min) = total pulmonary ventilation (ml/min)

Question 22

upper respiratory system

Answer 22

nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 23

anatomical dead space

Answer 23

air in the upper resiratory system that doesnt exchange gases with the blood (150 ml)

Question 24

alveolar ventilation

Answer 24

amount of fresh air that is entering lungs for gas exchange
respiratory rate x (tidal volume - dead space) = alveolar ventilation

Question 25

what tools are important to assess the state of lungs

Answer 25

lung volumes + ability to move air rapidly

Question 26

obstructive lung diseases

Answer 26

asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema decrease in abiilty to force air rapidly from lungs, resulting in narrowing or collapse of bronchioles with the increased intrathoracic pressure of expiration (air is trapped)

Question 27

Forced expiratory volume (FEV)

Answer 27

test for obstructive lung disease that tests the volume of air forcefully exhaled over a given time interval ^^ shows how severely the airway is restricted

Question 28

forced vital capacity

Answer 28

measure amount of air that can be exhaled after a full inhilation

Question 29

what happens if the ratio of FEV to FVC is below 80%

Answer 29

obstruction likely

Question 30

medulla and pons?

Answer 30

recieves sensory information from peripheral chemocreceptors and stretch receptors and turns into motor neurons leading to msucle

Question 31

pacemakers and what they control

Answer 31

respiratory centers (in them) and they control normal, unconsious respiration

Question 32

where else does control over resp centers come from?

Answer 32

chemical changes in the blood and from voluntary control of ventilation

Question 33

where does the main neural control of ventilation come from

Answer 33

the rhythmic discharge of the brain repspiratory center

Question 34

what regulates respiratory cehters

Answer 34

chemoreceptors for blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH (mostly last too) chemocreptors for oxgen and blood H are CAROTID AND AORITC BODIES

Question 35

when do the chemoreceptors for oxygen show stimulation

Answer 35

when dissolved O2 levels in plasma drop to below 60 mmHg and if the ph drops (increase in ventilation)

Question 36

where are the chemoreceptors for medulla

Answer 36

CSF,with an impermeable blood brain barrier that CO2 diffuses across easliy to form carbonic acid on the other side

Question 37

spirometer

Answer 37

instrument that measures lung volumes bell + room air + moves freely in water + connected to bell by tubing + disposable mouth piece (chart recorder measures the changes in volume)

Question 38

what happens once the subject puts on the nose clip

Answer 38

the volume of the system becomes fixed and is equal to the volume in the bell + tubing + and respiratory system

Question 39

what happens as subject inhales,

Answer 39

gas moves from bell into the lungs and the volume of gas in the bell decreases

Question 40

what happens as the subject exhales

Answer 40

gas moves into the bell and its volume increases

Question 41

what does the class transducer measure

Answer 41

flow across a surface (L/sec) rather than volume (L) *meaning curves are different from volume curves of the classic ones*

Question 42

what is the TOP TRACE you see in power lab measuring?

Answer 42

flow in LITERS/SEC NOT lung volumes

Question 43

what influences flow? what happens to volume at the same time?

Answer 43

flow - how hard and fast you breathe vol - volume of air moved is the area under the curve and should be the same with slow and rapid breaths

Question 44

flow head

Answer 44

determines air flow by measuring the pressure differential created by air passing through a fine mesh inside a respiratory flow head *functions as a pneumotachometer - gives a voltage reading proportional to the flow)

Question 45

how to set up spirometer

Answer 45

plastic tubes + flow head + clean bore tubing + filter + mouthbiece

Question 46

volume calculated as intecral of flow calculation

Answer 46

see notes * represents a summation over time* * integral needs to be initialized to zero every time a recording is started

Question 47

change the filter and mouthpiece when?

Answer 47

with each person

Question 48

how is a complication in volume measurement caused

Answer 48

difference in air temp ebtween spirometer pod (ambient temp) and air exhaled from lungs (body temp) *air expired from lungs will be slightly greater than inspired

Question 49

what reduces the drift?

Answer 49

the flow has been integrated seperately during inspiration and expiration with the inspiratory volume being corrected by a factor related to the BTPS factor (body temp, atm pressure, saturated with water vapor)