1
Q
define DM
A
dry matter
2
Q
define AF
A
as fed
3
Q
define OM
A
organic matter
4
Q
define CP
A
crude protein
5
Q
define TDF
A
total dietary fiber
6
Q
define NDF
A
neutral detergent fiber
7
Q
define ADF
A
acid detergent fiber
8
Q
define EE
A
ether extract
9
Q
define CF
A
crude fat, crude fiber
10
Q
define TDN
A
total digestible nutrients
11
Q
define energy
A
the ability to do work
12
Q
define GE
A
gross energy
13
Q
define ME
A
metabolizable energy
14
Q
define NE
A
net energy
15
Q
define NEm
A
net energy for maintenance
16
Q
define DMI
A
dry matter intake
17
Q
how many kgs in a pound?
A
0.454kg
18
Q
how many pounds in a ton?
A
2,000lbs
19
Q
how many grams in a kg?
A
1000g
20
Q
DM equation
A
AF - H2O = DM
21
Q
rules of DM
A
- the amount of DM fed is LESS than the amount AF
- the amount % DM is MORE than % AF
22
Q
define TMR
A
total mixed ration
23
Q
define ADG
A
average daily gain
24
Q
define RDP
A
ruminally degradable protein
25
define DIP
degradable intake protein
(same as RDP)
26
define RUP
ruminally undegradable protein
27
define UIP
undegradable intake protein
(same as RUP)
28
define MP
metabolizable protein
29
define BW
body weight
30
define LW
live weight
31
define IU
international units
32
define SID
standardized ideal digestibility
33
what do you need to know about the animal to make nutritional management decisions?
- GI tract
- nutritional requirements
- activity level, production or status
34
what do you need to know about the feed to make nutritional management decisions?
- what feed is available
- what is the nutrient composition of the feed
35
what does the NRC provide?
average minimum requirements required by a group of similar animals for a specific function
36
define nutrient requirement
amount of nutrient / day
37
define nutrient density
amount of nutrient / intake
- could be a percent
38
when should you use nutrient requirements?
- most of the time
- when intake is not equal to book values for DMI
- supplementation of forage fed livestock
39
when should you use energy density?
- when evaluating one feedstuff to a total ration of ration to supply nutrients
- ration balancing
40
equation for converting between density, requirements and intake
density x intake = requirement
41
equation for nutrient intake
density x actual intake = nutrient intake
42
energy feeds: general nutrients
- > 70% TDN
- < 20% CP
- < 18% crude fiber or < 35% NDF
43
protein feeds: general nutrients
- > 20% CP
- can be > 70% TDN
44
define NPN
nonprotein nitrogens
45
DMI equation (ruminants and horses)
(amount of feed/# of animals) / # days
46
AF equation (pigs and poultry)
(amount of feed/# of animals) / # days
47
3 basic methods for determining digestibility
1. in vivo (calculations)
2. in vitro (lab using animal secretions)
3. in sito (feedstuffs in a canula)
48
apparent digestibility equation (%)
(nutrient intake - feces) / nutrient intake
49
define apparent digestibility
assumes all feces are nutrient
50
what is better: higher or lower % apparent digestibility?
higher, means more digestible
51
define true digestibility
accounts for endogenous losses in the feces
52
true digestibility equation (%)
[intake - (feces - endogenous)] / intake
53
ADG equation
(start weight - end weight) / # of days
54
why would ADG be 0?
no change in weight
55
why would ADG be negative?
loss of weight
56
Feed:Gain equation
feed consumed / weight change
57
what is better: a lower or higher F:G ratio?
lower
58
Gain:Feed equation
weight change / feed consumed
59
what is better: a lower or higher G:F ratio?
higher
60
how do you calculate cost of gain?
(feed cost / days) / ADG
61
steps for balancing a diet
1. balance for CP or Lys
2. check energy
3. balance P
4. balance Ca
5. adjust headspace
62
when do you balance for CP?
hindgut and ruminants (horses and ruminants)
63
when do you balance for Lys?
swine and poultry
64
why perform a nutrient analysis?
1. know nutritional value
2. economically evaluate nutrients with a feedstuff
3. evaluate variability
65
explain and draw the proximate analysis chart
- watch lab 7
- draw chart
66
CP equation
6.25 x %N of feedstuff
67
define NIR
- near infrared reflectance
- measure the wavelength of reflected lights
68
what are the advantages and disadvantages of NIR over wet chemistry?
- advantages: cheaper and faster
- disadvantage: can be inaccurate
69
is wet chemistry necessary for animal nutrition?
yes
70
if there is not enough energy in a diet, what can be done?
1. choose a new feedstuff with a higher energy value
2. add another high energy fixed feedstuff
3. increase intake of the diet
4. accept a lower animal performance
71
steps for supplementation
1. nutrient requirements
2. DMI
3. amount of nutrient actually getting
4. amount needed
72
feed tags/labels must contain:
- company brand name
- product name with species and class
- purpose statement
- directions for use
- net weight
- manufacturer name and address
- warning/caution statement
- active drug ingredients
- guaranteed analysis
- feed ingredients
73
how are the feed ingredients on a tag listed?
- higher to lowest %
- individual or collectively
74
why would a company list product ingredients in collective terms?
can allow for changing formulation with an ingredient type if processes or availability changes without changing the tag OR/AND because it takes up less space
75
Nitrogen Free Extract Equation
100 - CF - CP - EE - Ash
76
what organs do chickens have that other animals do not?
- crop
- gizzard
- chickens have 2 cecum (ceca)
77
function of crop
store feedstuff
78
function of proventriculus
gastric stomach
79
function of gizzard
grinds feedstuffs
80
function of cloaca
where digestive and reproduction tracts meet
81
function of cecum/ceca
absorption and digestion
82
dietary habit: chicken
chickens have to ingest smaller particle sizes due to limited mastication, their gizzard has to help with breaking feed down
83
dietary habit: pigs
pigs can break down larger particle sizes due to having teeth
84
how do the anatomical differences in animals impact livestock nutrition and management?
by understanding the animals gi tract, mastication and fiber digestion abilities you can then plan the best diet for the animal so that they will be more efficient and you can spend money on what will actually work
Animal Nutrition
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