Biol 112 > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution of Viruses: 3 hypthesises

A
  1. Regressive
  2. Progressive or Escapist
  3. Self-Replicating
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2
Q

Regressive hypothesis

A

viruses evolved from free-living cells or from intracellular prokaryotic

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3
Q

Self-replicating hypothesis

A

viruses may have originated form self-replicating entities similar to transposons or other mobile genetic elements

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4
Q

Progressive or Escapist hypothesis

A

Viruses originated from pieces of RNA and DNA that escaped from a host cell and gained ability to move between cells

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5
Q

Virus shapes:Filamentous

A

long, thin worm-like shape

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6
Q

Virus shapes: Isometric

A

spherical-shape

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7
Q

Virus shapes: Enveloped

A

have membranes that surround capsids

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8
Q

Virus shapes: Complex/head and tail

A

infect bacteria and have a head that is similar to icon a hedral viruses and a tail shaped like helical viruses

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9
Q

Dna viruses

A

double stranded; replication takes place in nucleus; few have DNA polymerase and can replicate in host cell’s cytoplasm

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10
Q

Rna viruses

A

usually single-stranded; replication takes place in cytoplasm; mutation happens at a very high rate because RNA polymerase does not proofread

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11
Q

Four steps of viral infection

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. Replication and assembly
  4. Egress (release)
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12
Q

Attachment

A

receptors on cell bind to virus capsid protein or envelope glycoproteins

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13
Q

Entry

A

virus enters eukaryotic cells by endocytosis or if envelope by fusions w cell membrane

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14
Q

Replication and assembly

A

depends on RNA, DNA and retrovirius and reverse transcriptase

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15
Q

Egress

A

release; may involve lysis and death of host cells, may involved budding (not kill cell)

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16
Q

Lytic cycle

A

lyse the host cell after replication

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17
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

do not immediately lyse host cell; bacterial phage genome integrates with host genome and replicates with it without destroying cell; when conditions deteriorate the virus lyses the cell

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18
Q

Reverse transcriptase virus

A

never occurs in an uninfected host cell - the enzyme reverse transcriptase is only derived from the expression of viral genes within the infected host cell

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19
Q

vaccines

A

primary method of controlling viral disease; prepared using live, killed or molecular sub units of viruses

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20
Q

prion

A

proteinaceous infectious particles; no DNA or RNA; cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases, not destroyed by cooking

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21
Q

Viriods

A

small circles of RNA Iplants)

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22
Q

prokaryote structure

A

no membrane-bound organelles; no nucleus; DNA in nucleoid; free ribsomes

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23
Q

Extremophiles

A

adapted to grow under extreme conditions (deeps sea, heat, dry, cold, radiation)

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24
Q

Acidophiles: extreme

A

low pH

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25
Alkaliphiles: extreme
high pH
26
thermophiles: extreme
high temps
27
hyperthermophiles
highest temps
28
psychrophiles
15 celecius or lower
29
Halophiles
high salt
30
osmsophiles
high sugar
31
cyanobacteria
photosynthesis; some are Nitrogen fixers; 'blooms' can make toxins
32
Plasmids
extra DNA rings with few genes; replicate independently; add diversity
33
photoautotrops
use energy from sun and carbon from carbon dioxide
34
chemoheterotrophs
obtain both energy and carbon from an organic chemical source
35
chemolithoautotrops
obtain their energy from inorganic compounds and they build their complex molecules from carbon dioxide
36
photoheterotrops
obtain their energy from light but their carbon from organic compounds
37
nitrogen fixing bacteria
N(O2)- TO N(o3)-
38
endospores
under stress bacteria produce endospores; survive heat, drought for years
39
archaea
extremophiles and methanogens; no human disease causing archaeans
40
symbiosis
two species living in close relationship
41
parasitism
smaller parasite benefits at expense of other species
42
commensalism
one sp. benefits w/o any impact on other sp.
43
mutualism
both species benefit from each other
44
nitrogen cycle: decomposers
break down nutrients through ammonification to ammonium (NH4+)
45
protists first overserved by ___________ in _____
Antonie van Leewenhoek; 1674
46
second endocytosis examples
chloropasts; Chlorarachniphytes; Akashiwa; some photoautotrops
47
apicomplexans
unicellular parasites of animals; no cell walls; apical complex helps them enter host cells; complex life cycles (more than one host); malaria
48
stramenophile: diatoms
phytoplankton; primary producers; yellow and brown pigment accessory; SILICA WALLS; no flagella except gamete; PHOTOAUTOTROPHS (secondary endosymbiosis)
49
steamenophiles: brown algae
mulitcellular; seeweeds; large THALLOSE form, CELLUOSE AND ALGIN cell wall; ex: kelp; alteration of gen.
50
stramenophiles: oomycetes
absorptive heterotrophs; resemble fungi; diploid; potato famine; spores have flagella
51
excavata: diplomonads
unicellular; multiple flagella; no cell wall; ANEROBIC; reduced mitochondria; GIARDIA INTESTINALIS -> instine parasite... durable cysts consumed in water
52
excavata: parabasalids
unicellular; multiple flagella; no cell wall; anerobic... asexual; symbiotic; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
53
Excavata: Euglenozoans
crystalline rod; (2 degree chloroplast) heterotrops or mixotrophs TRYPANOSOME - blood parasite
54
foraminiferans:
Under group: Rhizaria; unicellular; marine plankton; threadlike pseudopodia; shells of CALCIUM CARBONATE
55
green algae
charophyte
56
fungal nutrition
hyphae: feed by absorbing simple o-compounds; ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPS; SECRETE HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES; saprobes some are parsites
57
cell structure fungus
membrane-bound nucleus. DNA surrounded by histone proteins mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus no chloroplasts often have pigments CELL WALL: chitin and glucans CHITIN: N-acetal-D-glucosamine gives structural strength to cell walls
58
main body of fungus
mycelium
59
chytidiomycota
"the chytrids"; simplist most primitive; chitin; only fungi with FLAGELLA; flagellated spores (zoospores); aquatic
60
two types of mating (fungus)
+ or - mating types
61
homothallic
when both mating types are present in the same fungus
62
heterothallic
requires two different, but compatible, fungi to reproduce
63
3 steps in sexual repro: fungus
1. plasmogamy 2. heterokaryotic stage 3. karyogamy
64
plasmogamy
fusion of haploid + and - hyape
65
plasmogamy
fusion of haploid + and - hyape
66
plasmogamy
fusion of haploid + and - hyape
66
plasmogamy
fusion of haploid + and - hyphae
67
heterokaryotic stage
hyphae with unfused haploid nuclei of both types
68
karyogamy
fusion of +/- haploid to nuclei to form zygote (2n)
69
fungi mutualists
mycorrhizal fungi help plants absorb moisture and minerals fungus gets sugar form plants
70
ectomycorrhizae
fungus remains outside root and between cells (mutualist)
71
endomycorrhizae
fungi penetrate cell walls and form haustoria; all glomeromycetes
72
yeasts
live on water films; moist tissue
73
hyphae have cell walls of
chitin
74
septate or coenocytic hyphae
allow rapid cytoplasmic streaming
75
haustoria
hyphae: penetrates cell walls of host plants without killing cell
76
fungal pathogens attack plants:
rusts and smuts
77
fungal pathgens produce mycotoxins
ergot
78
fungal pathogens infect humans
mycosis
79
fungal pathogens infect humans
mycosis
80
fungal pathogens infect humans
mycosis
80
fungal pathogens infect humans
mycosis
81
fungal pathogens infect animals
chytrids, ascomycete
82
Tobacco virus discovery person
Adolph Meyer 1886
83
virus person
Dmitri Ivanowski 1892
Biol 112
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