Lab Exam 4

Question 1

The four eras of geological time in order

Answer 1

Cenozoic (youngest)
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian (oldest)

Question 2

What is a contour line?

Answer 2

an imaginary line on Earth connecting points of equal elevation.

Question 3

What is a contour interval?

Answer 3

the difference in elevation between any two adjacent contour lines.

Question 4

What is a index contour line?

Answer 4

the boldest line when the map is in fifth intervals

Question 5

5 Important rules regarding contour lines

Answer 5

1. When contour lines cross streams, they bend upstream; that is, the contour line will “V” in an upstream direction.
2. Closed contours shown as eclipses or circles represent hills.
3. Closed contours shown w/ hachures (= short lines pointing down slope) represent a closed depression w/ no outlet.
4. Steeps slopes are shown by closely speed contours, gentle slopes by widely spaced contours.
5. The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point of a given area is known as the maximum relief.

Question 6

What is used to defined the distance on a topographic map?

Answer 6

Longitude

Question 7

What is used to show the latitude on the globe?

Answer 7

Parallels

Question 8

What is Earth’s rotation?

Answer 8

the earth rotates every 24 hours

Question 9

What is Earth’s revolution?

Answer 9

the earth rotates every 346.5 days or a year

Question 10

The Earth is tilted as what degree?

Answer 10

23.5 degree incline

Question 11

What is summer solstice?

Answer 11

the 24-hour period w/ the longest amount of daylight of the year

Question 12

What is winter solstice?

Answer 12

the day w/ the shortest amount of daylight of the year

Question 13

When does the Vernal equinox and Autumnal equinox take place?

Answer 13

March 21 and September 21

the light is as equal as the night during these days

Question 14

The study if ancient existence is called what?

Answer 14

Paleontology (it’s greek yo)

Question 15

What are body fossils?

Answer 15

A preserved hard or soft parts of the body on an organism.
Hard Parts- bones, teeth, outer shells, wood, seeds, & leaves
Soft tissues- skin, muscle, hair, feathers, organs, flowers, & cell membranes

Question 16

What are trace fossils?

Answer 16

Preserved indications or sign of ancient life w/o any body parts.
Behavior- tracks, burrows, nests
Product- coprolites, eggs, gastoliths
Somatic- molds or impressions or casts

Question 17

Unaltered Preservation of body fossils?

Answer 17

1. Burial w/o change- original body of animal
2. Freezing- ice-box preservation of original body
3. Desiccation- beef-jerky like preservation of original substance.
4. Coating/ Impregnation- costed body w/ asphalt or tar

Question 18

Altered Preservation of body fossils?

Answer 18

1. Compression- flattened fossil w/ body parts still present
2. Carbonation- all original is removed except carbon that revels a dark black shape
3. Replacement- all original is removed and replaced w/ minerals
4. Permineralization- hollow spaces are filled with sediment or minerals
5. Petrifaction- both replacement and permin that results with petrified wood
6. Recrystallization- structure of minerals changed into new stable forms

Question 19

Behavior Trace fossils preservation?

Answer 19

1. Tracks & Trails: fossilized footprints and trails
2. Burrows- a hollow space or mold has been made
3. Dwellings- underground animals dens or colonies
4. Feeding Indications- fossil preserved w/ marks made by activity of its predator

Question 20

Product Trace fossil preservation?

Answer 20

1. Coprolites- feces
2. Gastroliths- swallowed stones by an animal. thy’re smooth
3. Eggs- only egg shell is preserved
4. Amber/ Copal- outside of tree is wounded

Question 21

Somatic Trace fossils preservation?

Answer 21

1. Mold- dead body is buried and surrounding sediments lithify and leave a mold.
2. Cast- mold but about it

Question 22

What is a Steinkern?

Answer 22

(stone cold) german

type of cast that is made like permineralization on a large scale