Normal fasting plasma glucose level
60-110 mg\dl
Causes of hyperglycemia
Diabetes mellitus
- Gestational diabetes
- Disease of the pancreas e.g. acute or chronic pancreatitis
- Diseases of the endocrine system e.g. hyperthyroidism and hyperpituitarism.
- Drugs such as steroids, oral contraceptives, and thiazide diuretics that block insulin release.
- Insulin resistance: due to the formation of antibody against insulin receptor thus preventing insulin from binding to receptor and performing its action.
Causes of hypoglycemia
Can be drug induced e.g. sulfonylurea, insulin overdoses
- Can be caused by excessive secretion of insulin by β cell tumor; a condition known as insulinoma.
- Hepatic carcinoma, adrenocortical tumors can also lead to hypoglycemia.
- Hypothyroidism and hypopituitrism.
the normal concentration of cholesterol in healthy people is?
150-200 mg\dl
Cholesterol level increases in:
Atherosclerosis -Coronary heart disease -Nephritic syndrome -Diabetes -Hypothyroidism
-Liver disease
Cholesterol level decreases in:
Hyperthyroidism -Anemia
-High doses of statins -Genetic disorders
Protein normal levels
6.6- 8.3 g/dL
High protein levels may be caused by:
Dehydration due to haemoconcentration.
- Multiple myeloma
- Chronic infections
- Autoimmune disease
Low protein levels may be caused by
Heavy losses of proteins in urine as in nephritic syndrome.
- Protein under nutrition.
- Intestinal mal absorption
- Increased breakdown of proteins in hyperthyroidism and untreated diabetes mellitus
- A decrease may occur in shocks, burns and injuries
Albumin normal levels
3.5-5.0g/dL
High albumin levels may be caused by
Dehydration due to haemoconcentration.
- Multiple myeloma
- Chronic infections
- Autoimmune disease
Low albumin levels may be caused by
Heavy losses of proteins in urine as in nephritic syndrome.
- Increased breakdown of proteins in hyperthyroidism and untreated diabetes mellutis
- A decrease may occur in shocks, burns and injuries.
- Decreased synthesis of albumin may be genetic (as in anaalbuminemia) or acquired (as in inflammatory conditions).
Urea normal levels
15-45mg/dl
Causes of Hyperuremia
Increased ingestion of protein
- Increased catabolism of protein
- Pre renal cause: decreased renal blood flow or perfusion (Heart failure)
- Renal cause: acute or chronic renal failure
- Post renal cause: urinary tract obstruction.
Causes of Hypouremia
Poor nutrition
- High fluid intake
- Excessive administration of intravenous fluids
- Androgens and growth hormone
Normal Uric acid levels for females
2.5 – 6.8 mg/dl
Normal Uric acid levels for males
3.6 – 7.7 mg/dl
Hyperuricemia is caused by
Renal disease or renal failure due to decreased clearance.
- Drug interference in renal excretion e.g. diuretics, salicylate.
- Intake of purine rich food e.g. meat.
- Increased production and catabolism of nucleoproteins during leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
- Chemotherapy and ionizing radiation therapy.
- Ethanol ingestion
- Exercise
Hypouricemia causes
- Renal tubular reabsorption defects; either congenital e.g. Wilson’s disease and Fanconi’s syndrome or acquired particularly through toxic damage.
- Severe liver disease
- PRPP (5-phospho-α-D-ribosyl 1-pyrophosphate) synthetase deficiency
Gout is characterized by
Hyperuricemia
- Precipitation of monosodium urate throughout the body especially in joints.
- Recurrent clinical attacks of arthritis.
- Nephropathy due to deposition of urate crystals on kidney.
