how is epithelial tissue classified and what are the different classifications?
- Number of layers
* Simple = tissue that occurs in 1 layer
* Stratified = tissue that occurs in multiple layers
* Pseudostratified = a single layer of cells that appears stratified because nucleus appears in different positions within columnar cells - Shape of cells
* Squamous = thin, flat cells
* Cuboidal = cube-shaped cells
* Columnar = cells resembling rectangular pillars or columns
review the pictures for this on the first slide of review slides
what are 5 functions of connective tissue and what are the characteristics? (dont need to know the characteristics though he said)
functions:
1. binds organs together
2. provides support and protection
3. fills spaces
4. produces and transports blood cells
5. stores fat
characteristics:
- cells are not as close together as epithelial cells
- cells are suspended in noncellular extracellular matrix (ECM)
- ECM contains ground substance and fibers
- Ground substance varies in consistency from solid to jellylike to fluid
- Fibers consist of fibrous proteins that provide the binding properties
within tissue and between organs - Collagen fibers = thick fibers that appear white; contain collagen
- Provides flexibility and strength
- Reticular fibers = very thin collagen fibers that are highly branched
- Elastic fibers = contain elastin, a protein that is elastic and appears yellowish
4 main types of tissue in the body
epithelial tissue: protective covering of the body, lining of organs & cavities
connective tissue: provides support and structure to the body, includes various types such as bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), and blood “glue”
muscle tissue: responsible for movement, 3 types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac (skeletal is the only voluntary one), smooth is found in organs like intestines, while cardiac is in the heart
nervous tissue: made of nerve cells called neurons & support cells called glial cells, responsible for transmitting & processing info in the body, including sensations, thoughts, and movements
muscular tissue
- composed of cells called muscle fibers (cells)
- bundles of these contractile filaments called myofibrils occur within a single muscle fiber (cell)
3 types:
- skeletal: voluntary movement
- smooth: involuntary, lining of organs
- cardiac: involuntary, lining of heart
difference between male and female fetal pig
females: immediately anterior to anus is the vulva (urogenital opening) with an opening to vagina and urethra
males: loose skin immediately posterior to anus = outer wall of scrotum, posterior to umbilical cord is the distal end of penis
basically males have that little hole under the umbilical cord and a little pouch under their butts for the scrotum sac
list the first 4 steps to prepare for the pig dissection
- with gloves on, remove pic from its bag and lay pig on dissecting tray, keep some fluid and discard the rest in the designated white container under the hood
- place pig ventral surface up (supine) on dissecting tray
- identify gender of pig by examining external genitals
- prepare a label for your pig with names of your group members and gender of pig
list the order of organs for the digestive tract and a quick summary of their function
- mouth: chews food, digests carbohydrates
- esophagus: transports food to stomach
- stomach: churns food to liquid, digests protein
- duodenum (small intestine): digests carbs, proteins, and lipids
- jejuno-ileum (final part of the small intestine): digestion continues, food is absorbed
- colon (large intestine): water is reabsorbed
- rectum (end of large intestine where the poop sits): water is reabsorbed, waste carried to outside
glottis, epiglottis, diaphragm, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and cecum functions
glottis: vocal fold of the larynx
epiglottis: protective flap over larynx
diaphragm: separates lungs and stomach
liver: bile production, purify blood nutrients
gallbladder: stores and releases bile
pancreas: produces pancreatic juice and glucose hormones
spleen: purifies blood, disposes of red blood cells
cecum: absorption (large intestine beginning)
make sure you know how to label!!!
okay !!!
pathway of the urinary system through each organ and the function of that organ
- kidney: produce urine, regulate blood water/salt/pH levels
- ureter: transfer urine from kidney to bladder
- bladder: store urine until time of extraction
- urethra: excrete urine from bladder to external environment
other:
peritoneum: kidney membrane full of blood vessels and nerves; connect to rest of body
nephrons: microtubules in the renal cortex and medulla that produce urine after filtering blood
adrenal gland: secretes hormones adrenaline and cortisol; regulate blood pressure and stress response
part of the male reproductive system and the pathway of sperm
- testis: produces sperm and sex hormones
- epididymis: stores sperm as they mature
- vas deferens: conducts and stores sperm
- seminal vesicle: contributes secretions to semen
- prostate gland: contributes secretions to semen
- urethra: conducts sperm
- bulbourethral glands: contributes secretions to semen
- penis: organ of copulation
difference in human male vs fetal pig reproductive system
human male - penis hangs in front of scrotum
fetal pig - penis is underneath the ventral skin surface, posterior to the umbilical cord (duh bc it not even born yet)
female reproductive system organs
ovary: produces egg and sex hormones
oviduct (fallopian tubes): conducts egg towards uterus
uterus: houses developing fetus
vagina receives penis during copulation and serves as birth canal
difference between human female and fetal pig reproductive system
- oviducts: in human, each oviduct (fallopian tube) leads to upper portion of uterus, whereas each leads to a uterine horn in pig
- uterus: in human, no uterine horns while pigs have 2 uterine horns
- urogenital sinus: human vagina opens separately, whereas vagina and urethra enter urogenital sinus
blood vessels that contain high & low pressure
high: aorta and pulmonary artery
low: vena cava, pulmonary veins
basically arteries have higher pressure due to the fact that they are freshly blooded and so they got that JUICEEE
flow of blood pathway
right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → (mitral or bicuspid valve) → left ventricle → aorta → body → vena cava → right atrium → (tricuspid valve) → right ventricle
what do right and left renal arteries do
take blood to kidney
pulmonary circuit
carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs to pick up oxygen
pathway to gas exchange inside the lungs
trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
anterior and posterior (caudal) vena cava
anterior vena cava: corresponds to superior vena cava- returns blood from head, beck, and forelegs to right atrium
posterior vena cava: corresponds to inferior vena cava- returns blood from regions posterior to heart and right atrium (drain blood from kidneys, and posterior limbs)
changes that would have happened if the fetal pig made it to birth
- umbilical cord and all that falls away
- ductus venous becomes a ligament in the liver whereas it used to carry blood to the umbilical vein
- foramen ovale (hole between left and right atria) closes as the lungs become functional after birth
- ductus arteriosus (from pulmonary trunk to dorsal aorta) closes and becomes a ligament
- umbilical artery fall away and no longer carries blood to the placenta
parts of the brain: cerebellum, cerebrum, medulla, olfactory bulbs, hypothalamus
cerebrum: voluntary movement of skeletal muscle, intellectual reasoning, emotion, learning, memory, speech
cerebellum: coordinates movement and balance, learning and remembering motor skills
medulla: regulates heart and blood vessel function (involuntary movement)
olfactory bulbs: transmit nervous impulses from smell
hypothalamus: secretes hormones, important for homeostasis
