Organolithiums
- PYROPHORIC – spontaneously ignites on exposure to air.
- Super basic, pKb ~ -35
- Requires hydrocarbon solvents
- Extremely moisture sensitive
Organomagnesium halides (Grignard Reagent)
- Generally, not pyrophoric.
- Extremely basic.
- Requires ether solvents.
- Extremely moisture sensitive.
problem w gringard
low yeild long time
what do we use instead or organometallic
organozinc
lachrymator
tear gas, produce excess tears
sulfuric acid on skin protocol?
alert TA and rinse
ex of lachrymator
allyl hailde
ammonia
NH3
primary amine
R-NH2
secondary amine
R-NH-R’
tertiary amine
R-N-R’
|
R’’
Hinsburg test
differentiate between 1 ̊, 2 ̊, and 3 ̊amines
Nitrous acid test
determine 1 ̊, 2 ̊ amine. if primary- will determine aromatic or not
Preparation of 1,4-Di-t-butyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzene
an electrophilic aromatic substitution rxn that involves a carbon-based electrophile leading to the formation of a carbon-carbon bond
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 × 100/ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Electron-rich groups
help to increase the electrondensity in the aromatic ring - easier to donate and react- activating group
Electron-poor groups
tend to reduce the electrondensity in the aromatic ring - more difficult to donate and react - deactivating groups
activating group examples
-OH, -OR, -O(CO)R, -NH2, -SH
deactivating group examples
-NO2, -NO, -CN, -CO2H, -CHO, halogens
activator directions
ortho or para
deactivators directions
meta direction, EXCEPT halogens
Nitration of methyl benzoate
an example of an electrophilicaromatic substitution
purpose of recrystallization
repurify mixture if it is a mixed product
recrystallization process
add minimum amt hot solvent
hot filtration
cool to RT
ice bath
vacuum filter
wash w cold solvent
