Lab Notes

Question 2

Hazard symbols

Answer 2

Flammable (fire), compressed gas (bottle), corrosive (acid hands), oxidizing (ball fire), harmful (exclamation), health hazard (human silhouette), toxic (skulls), explosive (ball exploding)

Question 3

Remember this about safety equipment

Answer 3

safety shower and eyewash station tested weekly, fire extinguisher near entrance, two emergency exits in case of fire, fire blanket, evacuation plan, fume hood

Question 4

Steps for fire emergency

Answer 4

calm and assess, if fire is small smother it else make sure everyone is safe, fire alarm and turn off circuit breaker, extinguish fire or evacuate

Question 5

If people are on fire

Answer 5

roll on floor, never cover with blanket cause of chimney effect

Question 6

Fire extinguisher classes

Answer 6

class A (wood, paper, plastic), class B (paint, kerosene), class C (electrical), class D (combustible metals, magnesium, potassium)

Question 7

Dry chemical extinguishers vs CO2 extinguishers

Answer 7

dry chemical are for ABC, while CO2 are for B and C

Question 8

Notes about eyewash station

Answer 8

wash for 20-30 min

Question 9

Chemical spill

Answer 9

remain calm, warn everybody, analyze chemical and hazards, minor spill can be cleaned up, major spill must be evacuated, strong acids neutralized by weak base and strong base neutralized by weak acid

Question 10

observe/question/research

Answer 10

hypothesize, experiment, analyze/interpret/conclude, (maybe revise/repeat), communicate

Question 11

Hypothesis

Answer 11

if hypothesis, and method, then prediction

Question 12

Independent vs dependent vs controlled variable

Answer 12

independent/treatment is changed by scientist to measure dependent while repeating controlled variables

Question 13

Treatment group vs control group

Answer 13

treatment groups receive treatments or change independent variable while control group gets no treatment

Question 14

Title requirements

Answer 14

informative and must mention both variables, e.g. growth of plants varies with different amounts of light / does plant growth depend on amount of light / dependence of plant growth on light

Question 15

X axis vs y axis

Answer 15

independent = x axis, dependent = y axis

Question 16

Line graph vs bar graph

Answer 16

line graphs are continuous / linear data, bar graphs are not

Question 17

Bacteria size

Answer 17

100x smaller than human cell (thats why we need 100x oil immersion lens)

Question 18

Speed of reproduction

Answer 18

double every 20 min

Question 19

Percentage of pathogenic

Answer 19

only very small percent are pathogenic

Question 20

Arrangements

Answer 20

cocci (circle), bacilli (rod), chains (strepto), groups of 4 (tetrad), grapes (staphylo)

Question 21

Gram positive vs negative

Answer 21

positive stain purple because of peptidoglycan in cell wall and are weak to antibiotics

Question 22

Yeast reproduction

Answer 22

budding

Question 23

Passive water transportation

Answer 23

transpiration, root pressure, and capillary effect

Question 24

How much water do plants use

Answer 24

less than 1% of water is actually used, most is lost in evaporation/transpiration

Question 25

Transpiration and stomata

Answer 25

pores mostly beneath leaves that open in sunlight to exchange gas with air and evaporate water, and close if no sunlight / really hot / or dry conditions

Question 26

Effects of evaporation

Answer 26

evaporation at tips of leaves pulls water upward from roots to fill empty space

Question 27

Steps in water transport

Answer 27

since roots generally have higher mineral concentration than soil, water travels into roots via osmosis. Roots get too much water and root pressure pushes water upwards. The capillary effect (stickiness of water in narrow tubes) and transpiration pulls the water all the way to the tips of the leaves.

Question 28

Xylem vs phloem tubes

Answer 28

xylem are hollow tubes made of dead plant cells and transport water, while phloem are long connected chains of living plant cells that transport sugar in any directions wherever its needed (to leaves, stems, roots). Since phloem cells are alive, sugars must cross cell membranes. Both tubes are usually clustered together in vascular bundles

Question 29

Chloroplasts

Answer 29

each plant cell has tens or hundreds of chloroplasts. Each chloroplast has tiny, stacked membrane sacs called thylakoids that house chlorophyll molecules to absorb sunlight (also gives chloroplasts their green color)

Question 30

Light reactions

Answer 30

chloroplast’s thylakoids store energy from sunlight

Question 31

Calvin Cycle

Answer 31

(dark reactions) plants make sugar from atp (sunlight), carbon dioxide, and water, i.e. (6*CO2) + (6*H2O) + ATP = C6H12O6 + (6*O2)

Question 32

Accessory Pigments

Answer 32

help plant absorb colors that green chlorophyll cannot

Question 33

Cellular respiration

Answer 33

cell process to transfer energy from organic molecules in food to ATP, i.e. C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP

Question 34

Mitochondria and enzymes

Answer 34

mitochondria has enzymes (analogous to reusable, specific tools), proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes break down substrates (starting material)