BIOL 261 > LAB PRACTICAL EXAM > Flashcards

LAB PRACTICAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the normal distribution value for neutrophils?

A

45-75%

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2
Q

What is the normal distribution value for lymphocytes?

A

20-30%

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3
Q

What is the normal distribution value for monocytes?

A

10%

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4
Q

What is the normal distribution value for eosinophils?

A

2-5%

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5
Q

What is the normal distribution value for basophils?

A

1%

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6
Q

An increased amount of neutrophils could indicate:

A
  • bacterial infection
  • appendicitis
  • cancer
  • pneumonia
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7
Q

An increased amount of lymphocytes could indicate:

A
  • viral infection or chronic diseases
  • mumps
  • measles
  • syphilis
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8
Q

An increased amount of monocytes could indicate:

A
  • long term infection
  • fungal infection
  • malaria
  • tb
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9
Q

An increased amount of eosinophils could indicate:

A
  • parasitic infection
  • allergic reactions
  • asthma
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10
Q

An increased amount of basophils could indicate:

A
  • allergic reaction
  • anemia
  • chicken pox
  • hepatitis
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11
Q

Neutrophils eat:

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

Eosinophils eat:

A

Parasites

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13
Q

A decreased amount of eosinophils could indicate:

A
  • stress
  • cushing’s syndrome
  • increased glucocorticoid hormones
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14
Q

Monocytes eat:

A

Viruses and bacteria

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15
Q

Banded neutrophils are:

A

Immature

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16
Q

A decreased amount of lymphocytes could indicate:

A

HIV

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17
Q

A decreased amount of neutrophils could indicate:

A
  • measles
  • malnutrition
  • typhoid fever
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18
Q

Segmented neutrophils are:

A

Mature

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19
Q

Sensor:

A

gives a receptor and locator, senses change

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20
Q

Stimulus:

A

deviation from set point

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21
Q

Integrator:

A

compares signal coming in to set point

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22
Q

Effector:

A

organ or tissue

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23
Q

Response:

A

change that occurs

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24
Q

Disturbance:

A

can’t get back to set point

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25
Example of feedback loop for body temp:
Stimulus: Increase in body temp Sensor: Thermoreceptors in skin and hypothalamus Integrator: Hypothalamus Effector: Skin blood vessels and sweat glands Response: Blood vessels in skin vasodilator-> release heat sweat glands in skin release heat as sweat Result: Decrease in body temp.
26
Example of feedback loop for heart rate/pulse rate:
Stimulus: Increase in pulse rate Sensor: Baroreceptors in aortic arch + carotid sinus Integrator: Medulla oblongata Effector: Blood vessels and heart Response: Blood vessels vasodilate, HR drops Result: Pulse rate decreases
27
What is a disturbance for body temp?
Hypothermia
28
What kind of data would be considered continuous data and what kind of graph?
Date, time, weight Scattor plot
29
What kind of data would be considered discrete data and what kind of graph?
Male vs. female Bar graph
30
Y-axis is:
Dependent
31
X-axis is:
Independent
32
How do we determine the set point?
mean, median, or mode
33
Longest stage of mitosis:
Interphase; most of cell's lifecycle spent here
34
Summary of mitosis:
Prophase: DNA duplicates Metaphase: meet in middle Anaphase: pulls apart Telophase: cells break off, cytokinesis
35
Proportional relationship: Example:
If one increases, the other increases As the weight/pressure of the fluid decreases, the rate of filtration decreases
36
Inverse relationship: Example:
If one increases, the other will decrease As the molecular weight increases, the rate of diffusion decreases
37
What is the relationship between molecular weight and rate of diffusion?
Inverse
38
What is the relationship between filtration rate and pressure of fluid/weight of fluid?
Proportional
39
What is the relationship between size of particles and filtration?
Inverse; as particle size decreases, the rate of filtration increases
40
What is filtered by the glomerulus? (5)
- water - carbon dioxide - ions - metabolic waste - glucose
41
What remains in the filtrate?
- RBC - platelets - large proteins
42
How do you test for glucose?
Benedict's soln- positive if it turns orange/red
43
How do you test for starch?
Lugol's soln- positive if it turns black
44
How do we test for Hct?
Using a centrifuge
45
How do we test for Hgb?
Using the Tallquist scale, put drop of blood on blotting paper and wait 30 secs for it to dry, then compare with Tallquist color scale
46
How do we test for RBC count?
Using a hemocytometer
47
What is the normal RBC count for males, females, and fetuses?
Males: 5,400,000 Females: 4,600,000 Fetus: 5.5-6 million
48
What causes hemoglobin levels to differ between sexes?
Men have more testosterone, which increases their metabolism
49
What is the average hematocrit levels for males and females?
Males: 42%-54 % Females: 38%-46%
50
What is the function of Hgb?
- Transports O2 and CO2 - Buffer - Balances PH levels - Eliminates waste products
51
When is coagulation time lengthened?
- liver disease - being on Coumadin - hemophilia - decreased vitamin K
52
What is the normal hemoglobin/Tallquist count for males and females?
Males: 15.6 g/100ml Females: 14.1 g/100ml
53
When shortens the coagulation time of the blood?
Increased: - Fibrinogen - Platelets - Prothrombin - Calcium
54
Why does coagulation time take longer than bleeding time?
Certain things need to come to the surface for it to coagulate, and blood is already there so it comes out naturally
55
What is the action and production site for fibrinogen?
action- blood clotting production site- liver
56
What is the action and production site for calcium?
action- osmosis + balance of pH and cell membranes production site: stored in cells, not made in the body
57
What is the action and production site for prothrombin?
action- blood clotting production site- liver
58
What is the action and production site for thromboplastin?
action- conversion of prothrombin into thrombin production site- blood platelets
59
Define hematocrit:
The percentage volume of packed RBC
60
What causes hematocrit levels to increase?
- high altitude - smoking - exercise - dehydration - post blood transfusion
61
In the dialysis bag experiment, what moved into the cell? out of the cell?
- Water: bags gained weight - Iodine: iodine in outer soln combined w/ starch inside-> color change of black on inside and outside of bag -Sugar-: sugar from inside the bag was found in the outer soln
62
A lower RBC count would result in:
-anemia
63
A higher RBC count would result in:
-polycythemia
64
What are 4 main components of whole blood? %
RBC, WBC, plasma, and platelets 55% plasma 45% RBC's
65
Low hemoglobin levels could indicate:
- anemia | - chemo
66
Erythroblastosis fetalis:
RH- mother builds up antibodies after having an RH+ child
67
How to avoid Erythroblastosis fetalis:
Giving mom a rhogam shot which decreases the amount of RH+ antibodies mom produces
68
Erythroblastosis fetalis rule:
Only applies the second pregnancy, once mom has already been exposed to RH+
69
Where is hemoglobin produced in the human body?
by the RBC's in the bone marrow
70
What results would you need to consider yourself anemic?
Hemoglobin levels below 60%
71
Blood group A:
- A antigen | - B antibody
72
Blood group B:
- B antigen | - A antibody
73
Blood group AB:
- A & B antigen | - NO antibodies
74
Blood group O:
- NO antigens | - A & B antibodies
75
Alleles for blood groups: | A, B, AB, O, Rh+, Rh-
``` A: AA, Ao B: BB, Bo AB: AB O: oo Rh+: ++, +- Rh-: - - ```
76
Blood group Rh+:
- Rh antigen | - NO antibody
77
Blood group Rh-:
- NO antigen | - Rh+ once exposed
78
Universal donor:
O
79
Universal recipient:
AB
80
If you are Rh+, what Rh blood types can you accept/receive?
Rh positive and negative
81
If you are Rh-, what Rh blood types can you accept/receive?
Negative only
82
Blood type A can donate to which blood types: Receive?
A and AB A and O
83
Blood type B can donate to which blood types: Receive?
B and AB B and O
84
Blood type O can donate to which blood types: Receive?
All Only O
85
Blood type AB can donate to which blood types: Receive?
AB only ALL (greedy ass)
86
Why do erythrocythemia have banded neutrophils?
Because they kick out the red bone marrow early
87
What is the average male RBC count? in measuring with a hemocytometer
4.5-6.0 mil/mm3
88
What is the average female RBC count? in measuring with a hemocytometer
40.-5.5 mil/mm3
89
What happens if a bee stings you and you're allergic?
- Secretes histamine which dilates blood vessels, causing the area to swell which brings more blood to the area - Secretes heparin which prevents clotting and makes it hot, bringing more blood to the area
90
Which WBC would be effected if a bee stings you and you develop an allergic reaction?
Basophil
91
In our blood typing lab, we put which serums in which blood types?
A- antiserum A B- antiserum B Rh- antiserum Rh
92
If you put an antiserum A into blood type A and it agglutinates, what does this mean?
Your blood contains A antigen and B antibodies
93
If agglutination occurs in both A and B well, what blood type are you?
AB
94
If no agglutination occurs, what blood type are you?
O
95
If agglutination occurs in the Rh well, do you have the Rh factor?
Yes
96
The Tallquist Scale is most important in determining?
Anemia
97
Coagulation or clotting time:
The amount of time necessary for blood to coagulate
98
A high WBC count is called:
Leucocytosis
99
A low WBC count is called:
Leucopenia
100
A hemocytometer is a:
WBC counting chamber
101
MW of glucose:
1 mol _____ 180g
102
MW of NaCl:
1 mol _____ 58 g
103
NaCl mol ratio:
1 mol = 2 osm
104
Glucose mol ratio:
1 mol = 1 osm
105
1 osm=
1000 mosm
106
Hyperosmotic:
More particles
107
Hypoosmotic:
Less particles
108
What will happen if you place a cell into a hypertonic soln? What does hypertonic mean:
Water will move outside the cell, causing it to crenate or shrink More soln outside the cell
109
What will happen if you place a cell into a hypotonic soln? What does hypotonic mean?
Water will move into the cell, cause it to swell Less soln outside the cell
110
Why is it important to not use the first drop of blood?
Because its high in tissue fluid and clot activators, so it is not representative of there rest of the blood.
111
The first drop of blood is considered:
A contaminated fragment of a cell
112
What would squeezing your finger excessively to produce blood do to your hemoglobin determination?
Alters composition of blood by forcing it out along with interstitial fluid and WBC's
113
Anemia:
A condition marked by deficiency of RBC's and hemoglobin
114
Why does the fetus and newborn have a much higher RBC count than males and females?
Their fetal environment and demand for O2, and they have a different form of hemoglobin called gamma subunits
115
a higher white count may indicate?
disorder, disease, bacterial or viral infection, allergy
116
Leukemia:
Malignant disease where bone marrow + other blood forming organs produce abnormal leukocytes
117
MCV formula: | mean corpuscular volume
Hematocrit x 10 ____________ RBC
118
MCH formula: | mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Hemoglobin x 10 _____________ RBC
119
MCHC formula: | mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
Hemoglobin x 100 ______________ Hematocrit
BIOL 261
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