1
Q
small raised portion on the medial side where the renal artery, vein, pelvis, and nerves enter and exit
A
renal hilum
2
Q
- 2 bean shpaed, right lower than left, each abut 11cm lonog
- located in the retroperitoneal space in the lower abdomen at about the level of the psoas muscle (T12-L1)
- surrounded in a fibrous connective capsule protected by a renal fat pad
A
kidney
3
Q
outer layer of the kidney that contains arterioles and glomeruli
A
cortex
4
Q
inner layer of the kidney that contains the loop of Henle and urine concentrating mechanisms
A
medulla
5
Q
cortical tissue between the renal pyramids
A
renal columns
6
Q
region of the kidney where urine is formed
A
renal pyramids
7
Q
part of the kidney where urine exits the pyramid
A
renal papillae
8
Q
pathway of urine from the renal pyramid
A
- papillae
- minor calyces
- major calyx
- renal pelvis
- ureter
- bladder
9
Q
pathway of blood supply through the kidney
A
- renal artery
- segmental artery
- interlobar artery
- arcuate artery
- interlobar artery
- afferent arteriole
- glomerular capillaries
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillary
- interlobar vein
- arcuate vein
- interlobar vein
- renal vein
10
Q
bring blood into the glomerulus
A
afferent arterioles
11
Q
- take blood away from the glomerulus
- turn into the peritubular capillaries, which pass along the length of the loop of Henle
A
efferent arterioles
12
Q
the extension of the peritubular capillaries that extends around the loop of Henle and recovers reabsorbed substances and secretes some other substances into the nephron
A
vasa recta
13
Q
- exit the hilum, run inferiorly and medially to where they enter the bladder
- are narrow muscular tubes lined with transitional epithelium and smooth muscle
A
ureters
14
Q
the ureters are lined with
A
lined with transitional epithelium and smooth muscle
15
Q
- hardened cell fragments, usually cylindrical found in the urine
- almost always pathologic
- can only observe by doing a sediment study
A
casts
16
Q
usually only seen when there is an infection of the urinary tract
A
leukocytes
17
Q
WBCs in the urine
A
pyuria
18
Q
- produced in the intestines, some is excreted into the urine and gives urine its characteristic color
- some is converted into stercobilin that gives feces its color
A
urobilinogen
19
Q
too much urobilinogen can be indicative of
A
liver pathology
20
Q
- excess bile pigments in urine
- can be signaled by a yellow foam on top of urine sample after shaking
A
bilirubinuria
21
Q
formed during hemolysis of RBCs and is excreted by the liver into the gallbladder
A
bilirubin
22
Q
types of bile pigments
A
bilirubinuria and urobilinogen
23
Q
often seen in liver disease such as jaundice
A
bile pigments
24
Q
nitrites in the urine can be indicative of
A
a bacterial infection such as a UTI
25
* in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis
* composed of transitional epithelium surrounded by a smooth muscle layer
urinary bladder
26
a region on the posterior wall fo the bladder that is described by the entrance of the two ureters and the opening of the urethra
trigone
27
made up of smooth muscle
internal urinary sphincter
28
made up of skeletal muscle; for the most part voluntary
external urinary sphincter
29
about 20cm long, pathway for urinary and reproductive systems
male urethra
30
about 4cm long, separate from reproductive opening
female urethra
31
* the basic histological and functional unit of the kidney
* about 1 million per kidney
nephrons
32
enlarged end of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus
bowman's capsule
33
bowman's capsule + glomerulus
renal corpuscle
34
actively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, water
proximal convoluted tubule
35
passive reabsorption of water by osmosis
descending limb
36
NaCl moves out by active transport
ascending limb
37
water and NaCl move out under control of ADH and aldosterone
distal convoluted tubule
38
* are under hormonal control
* not technically part of the nephron because eah of these empties so many nephrons
collecting ducts
39
parts of the nephron in the renal cortex
* bowman's capsule
* proximal convoluted tubule
* distal convoluted tubule
40
parts of the nephron located in the renal medulla
* descending and ascending limbs
* most of the collecting ducts
41
thicker parts of nephron tubes are made up of
simple cuboidal epithelium
42
thinner parts of the nephron tube are made up of
simple squamous epithelium
43
areas such as the PCT and CD have lots of ... for active transport
mitochondria
44
# true or false:
in the glomerulus the plasma is still considered part of the blood
true
45
once plasma has been filtered across into Bowman's capsule it is called
filtrate
46
blood pressure pushes fluid (i.e. plasma) across a filtration membrane (the capillary membrane)
filtration
47
movement of fluid from filtrate back into the blood
reabsorption
48
movement of wastes from the blood into the filtrate
secretion
49
straw or amber colored urine is indicative of
normal urine
50
reddish amber urine is indicative of
urobilnogen or porphyrin
51
brownish yellow, green urine is indicative of
presence of bile pigments in the urine
52
red or brown urine is indicative is indicative of
blood or blood pigments in the urine
53
clear, slightly cloudy upon standing urine indicates
normal urine
54
cloudy urine might be indicative of
bacteria, pus, or fat in the urine
55
pH range is typcially
4.5-8 (normally around 6.0)
56
what is a major factor of urine pH
diet
57
slightly aromatic, will begin to smell like ammonia after standing due to the action of bacteria
odor of normal urine
57
* determines the amount of solutes dissolved in the urine
* typically between 1.001-1.030
specific gravity of urine
58
water has a specific gravity of
1.000
59
very low specific gravity of urine may indicate
diabetes insipidus, nephritis (very dilute urine)
60
very high specific gravity of urine may indicate
diabetes mellitus, proteinuria (very concentrated urine)
61
* pH of about 6 (avg), ranges 4.5-8
* specific gravity between 1.001-1.030
* excess salts and minerals present: Na+, K+, PO4-, SO4-
* excess vitamins
* small amounts of urea
normal sample of urine
62
abnormal components of urine
* glucose
* proteins
* ketones
* RBCs
* hemoglobin
* nitrites
* bile pigments
* leukocytes
* casts
63
* normally absent in urine, seen in diabetes mellitus, and sometimes after exercise, or a meal high in sugar content
glucose
64
excess glucose in urine
glycosuria
65
* results from exercise, nephritis, trauma
proteins present in urine
66
excess albumin in urine
albuminuria
67
* produced during excessive fat metabolism diabetes mellitus
* found with glycosuria is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus (excess of these)
ketones
| ketonuria
68
almost always pathologic, due to trauma or urinary tract infections; can indicate contamination with menstrual flow
RBCs in urine
68
excess RBCs in urine
hematuria
69
often seen along with excess RBCS
most chemstrips measure this and blood together
hemoglobin
70
excess hemoglobin in urine
hemoglobinuria
A+P 2
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
Lab Quiz 1 - Endocrine System128
-
Chapter 16 (Lecture)164
-
Lab Quiz 2 - Blood49
-
Chapter 17 (Lecture)142
-
Lab Quiz 3 - Heart40
-
Chapter 18 (Lecture) - Heart204
-
Lab Quiz 5 - Blood Vessels69
-
Lab Quiz 4 - Blood Pressure and Electrical Conduction62
-
Chapter 19 (Lecture)215
-
Chapter 20 (Lecture)106
-
Lab Quiz 6 - Respiratory System77
-
Chapter 21 (Lecture)164
-
Chapter 22 (Lecture)257
-
Lab Quiz 7 - Urinary System72
-
Chapter 25 (Lecture)144
-
Lab Quiz 8: Digestive System Anatomy99
-
Lab 9: Reproductive Anatomy69
-
Chapter 26 (Lecture)115
-
Chapter 27 (Lecture)201
-
Urinary 252
-
Chapter 23 (Lecture)176
