1
Q
pH Normal Value
A
7.35 - 7.45
2
Q
pH < 7.35
A
Acidotic
3
Q
pH > 7.45
A
Alkalotic
4
Q
PaO2 Normal Value
A
80 - 100 mm Hg
5
Q
Possible Causes of Pao2
A
Pneumonia, Asthma, Pneumothorax, Acute Respiratory Distress, Respiratory Distress
6
Q
Measurement of hydrogen (H+) ions in the blood indicates how acidic or alkalotic your blood is.
A
pH
7
Q
A measurement of the amount of oxygen (O2) dissolved in the blood. This is a reflection of how well O2 is able to enter the blood from the lungs and thus maintain a normal pH.
A
PaO2
8
Q
SaO2 Normal Values
A
95 - 100%
9
Q
the % of hemoglobin saturated with O2.
A
SaO2
10
Q
SaO2 < 95% causes
A
Hypoxia from asthma, Emphysema, Bronchitis, Sleep apnea
11
Q
PaCO2 Normal Values
A
35 - 45 mm Hg
12
Q
A measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.
A
PaCO2
13
Q
Respiratory alkalosis
A
PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg
14
Q
This is due to hyperventilation OR compensation for metabolic acidosis
A
Respiratory alkalosis
15
Q
Respiratory acidosis
A
PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg
16
Q
due to hypoventilation OR compensation for metabolic alkalosis
A
Respiratory acidosis
17
Q
HCO3 Normal Values
A
22 - 25 mEq/L
18
Q
A measurement of bicarbonate in the blood. It maintains the blood at normal pH levels by acting as a buffer. This is regulated by the kidneys.
A
HCO3
19
Q
Indicates presence of metabolic acidosis OR compensation for respiratory alkalosis
A
HCO3 < 22 mm Hg
20
Q
Indicates presence of metabolic alkalosis OR compensation for respiratory acidosis.
A
HCO3 > 26 mm Hg
21
Q
95% of the electrolytes present in the extracellular fluid (interstitial & intravascular space). Essential for acid-base balance and fluid balance.
A
Sodium (Na+)
22
Q
Sodium Normal Values
A
135 - 145 mEq/L
23
Q
Diaphoresis, Diarrhea & vomiting, Drains (NGT Suction), Diuretics (thiazide & loop diuretics), SIADH cause
A
Increased sodium excretion
24
Q
Cause of increased body fluids
A
Heart Failure, Edema, Ascites, Drinking an excessive amount of water
25
Loss of fluids (decreased body water)
- Diabetes insipidus
Infection
Increased sodium intake
Cushing syndrome
Decreased sodium excretion
cause:
Sodium > 145 mEq/L
26
Found in the body cells, bones, and teeth. It is needed for proper heart and skeletal muscle contractility, blood clotting, and teeth formation.
Calcium (Ca2+)
27
Calcium Normal Level
9 - 11 mg/dL
28
Possible causes:
Vitamin D deficiency
Decreased intake of calcium
Diarrhea
Wound drainage
Hypoparathyroidism
Calcium < 9 mg/dL
29
Possible causes:
Hyperparathyroidism (from malignant tumors of the parathyroid gland)
Malignancy (bone destruction from metastatic tumors)
Kidney disease
Thiazide diuretics
Calcium > 11 mg/dL
30
Primarily an intracellular electrolyte. There are very low levels of this in the plasma. Plays a vital role in cell metabolism, nerve function, muscle tissues and acid-base balance
Potassium (K+)
31
Potassium (K+) Normal Value
3.5 - 5 mEq/L
32
Possible causes:
Inadequate intake (fasting, NPO)
Dilution of serum (water intoxication, IV therapy)
GI losses (vomiting)
wasting diuretics (loop and thiazide)
Metabolic alkalosis
Potassium < 3.5 mEq/L
33
Possible Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Metabolic acidosis
Use of salt substitutes
Kidney disease
sparing diuretics (Spironolactone)
Potassium > 5.0 mEq/L
34
An imbalance of this can cause cardiac dyshythmias that can be life threatening.
Potassium
35
A major intracellular cation of the body. There are very low levels in the plasma. Most the body is found in the soft tissue, muscles, and bones. It helps with the regulation of blood pressure, muscle contraction, and nerve function.
Magnesium (Mg2+)
36
Causes:
Insufficient intake
Malnutrition/Vomiting/Diarrhea
Malabsorption syndrome
Celiac & Chron's Disease
Diuretics
Alcoholism
Magnesium < 1.5 mg/dL
37
Causes:
Increased intake
Renal sufficiency
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Magnesium > 2.5 mg/dL
38
The main anion in the extracellular fluid. Important for maintaining fluid balance and acid-base balance.
Chloride (Cl-)
39
Chloride normal value
95 - 105 mEq/L
40
Causes:
Respiratory Acidosis
GI losses (prolonged vomiting, NG suction)
Mineralocorticoid excess
Chloride < 95 mEq/L
41
Causes:
Respiratory alkalosis
Dehydration
Excessive salt intake
Mineralocorticoid deficiency
Chloride > 105 mEq/L
42
Present in bone cells and the extracellular fluid. Plays an important role in bone metabolism.
Phosphorus (P)
43
Phosphorus Normal Value
2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL
44
Causes:
Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency
Phosphorus < 2.5 mg/dL
45
Causes:
Hypoparathyroidism
Kidney disease
Phosphorus > 4.5 mg/dL
46
Transports oxygen to the body's cells.
Red Blood Cells
47
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Normal Value
Female
4.2 - 5.2 x 10^6 / uL
48
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Normal Value
Male
4.7 - 6.1 x 10^6 / uL
49
Causes:
Fluid volume overload
Hemorrhage
Anemia
Bone marrow damage
Renal disease (lack of erythropoietin production)
Decreased values of Phosphorus
50
Causes:
Dehydrated/fluid volume deficit
Polycythemia
Renal tumor
Hyperactivity of the bone marrow
Increased values of Phosphorus
51
Part of the immune system help to fight infections and diseases
White Blood Cells (WBC)
52
5 types of White Blood Cells
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
53
Cause:
Immunosuppression
Autoimmune disease
Bone marrow depression
Certain drugs (Chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics)
WBC < 4500 /uL
54
White Blood Cells (WBC) Normal Value
4,500 - 11,000 /uL
55
Cause:
Current or recent infection & inflammation
Leukemia (malignant)
Tissue necrosis
WBC > 11,000 /uL
56
Helps clot the blood
Platelets
57
The clumping together of platelets that form a plug at the site of the injury
Platelet Aggregation
58
Platelets Normal Value
150,000 - 450,000 /uL
59
Possible Causes:
Leukemia
anemia
Trauma
Enlarged Spleen
Liver Disease
Ethanol (alcohol-induced)
Toxins (drug-induced)
Sepsis
Platelets < 150,000 /uL
60
Possible causes:
Polycythemia
Certain cancers
Infection
Platelets > 450,000 /uL
61
An iron-containing protein found in red blood cells. It transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. It also returns CO2 from the tissues back to the lungs.
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
62
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Normal Value
Female
12 - 16 g/dL
63
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Normal Value
Male
13 - 18 g/dL
64
Possible causes:
Fluid restriction
Anemia
Hemolysis of RBCs
Hemorrhage
Decrease in Hemoglobin
65
Possible causes:
Dehydration
Polycythemia
Overuse of certain drugs (epeotin alfa)
Increased Hemoglobin
66
The percent of blood that is made up of red blood cells.
Hematocrit (HCT)
67
Hematocrit (HCT)
Normal Value
Female
36% - 48%
68
Hematocrit (HCT)
Normal Value
Male
39% - 54%
69
Possible causes:
Fluid retention (hemodilution)
Anemia
Hemorrhage
Pregnancy
Decrease of Hematocrit
70
Possible Causes:
Dehydration (hemoconcentration)
Polycythemia
Low oxygen availability (smoking, pulmonary diseases (COPD), high altitudes)
Increase of Hematocrit
71
Measures how long it takes for a blood clot to form. It is also used to monitor the effectiveness of the anticoagulant: Heparin.
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
72
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
Normal Value
30 - 40 seconds
73
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
On Heparin Therapy
1.5 - 2.0 X the normal value
74
Numbers are _____ = Clots will _____
Low, Grow
75
Possible causes:
Hypercoagulable
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) Decreased Time
76
Numbers are _____, Patient will ____
High, Die
77
Possible Causes:
Heparin Therapy
Hepatic disease
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)
Increased Time
78
Measures the amount of time needed to form a clot. It's also used to monitor the effectiveness of the anticoagulant: Warfarin
Prothrombin Time (PT)
79
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Normal Value
10 - 12 seconds
80
Prothrombin Time (PT)
On Warfarin Therapy
1.5 - 2.0 x the normal value
81
Possible causes:
Deficiency in vitamin K
Deficiency in clotting factor
Liver Disease
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Increased time of Prothrombin Time (PT)
82
Calculated from the prothrombin time and is used to monitor oral anticoagulants such as Warfarin.
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
83
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Normal Value
< 1
84
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
On Warfarin
2.0 - 3.0
85
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Heart valve replacement
2.5 - 3.5
86
Possible Cause:
Warfarin therapy
Bleeding disorders
Liver Disease
Vitamin K deficiency
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
Increased values
87
Fragments of fibrin that are in the blood when a clot dissolves or is broken down. Helps to determine if a clot is present somewhere in the body.
D-Dimer
88
D-Dimer
Normal Value
< 0.5 mcg/mL
89
Blood clot is ruled out
Normal/Low levels (negative result) of D-Dimer
90
Possible Causes:
Blood clot may be present in the body
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Elevated / High levels of D-Dimer
91
An enzyme is released in the bloodstream when the heart, muscles, or brain becomes damaged. Cardiac-Specific isoenzyme but less reliable.
Creatine Kinase - MB (CK-MB)
92
Creatine Kinase - MB (CK-MB)
Normal Value
0 - 5 ng/mL
93
Time detected of Creatine Kinase - MB (CK-MB)
3 - 6 hours
94
Possible Causes:
Cardiomyopathy
Myocardial infarction
Cerebrovascular accident
Intramuscular injections
Muscular dystrophy
Renal Failure
Surgery
Organ rejection
Increased CK-MB
95
Peak time of Creatine Kinase - MB (CK-MB)
12 - 24 hours
96
Fall time of Creatine Kinase - MB (CK-MB)
24 - 48 hours
97
A protein released in the bloodstream when the heart muscle is damaged. The best indicator of an MI. Can stay elevated for 2 weeks.
Troponin T
98
Troponin T
Normal Value
<0.1 ng/mL
99
Possible Causes:
Acute myocardial infarction
Angina
Elevated Troponin T
100
Detected Time for Troponin T
2 - 6 hours
101
Peak time for Troponin T
10 - 24 hours
102
Fall time for Troponin T
7 - 14 days
103
A protein is released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is damaged. The best indicator of an acute MI.
Troponin I
104
Troponin I
Normal Value
<0.03 ng/mL
105
Possible Cause:
Acute myocardial infarction
Elevated Troponin I
106
Detected time Troponin I
2 - 6 hours
107
Peak Time Troponin I
10 - 24 hours
108
Fall Time Troponin I
5 - 9 days
109
A protein that is found in muscle tissue (cardiac & skeletal muscle). It is not a specific indicator of an acute MI. It only shows the amount of muscle damage, not the site of the damage.
Myoglobin
110
Myoglobin
Normal Value
5 - 70 ng/mL
111
Possible causes:
Heart damage
Muscle damage
Myoglobin
112
Detected time - Myoglobin
1 - 2 hours
113
Peak time - Myoglobin
2 = 6 hours
114
Fall Time - Myoglobin
12 - 24 hours
115
Helps in the production of steroid hormones in the body, activation of vitamin D, and bile production.
Total Cholesterol
116
Total Cholesterol - Normal Value
<200 mg/dL
117
Possible causes:
Anemia
Liver insufficiency
Malnutrition
Hyperthyroidism
Low levels of Total Cholesterol
118
Possible causes:
Atherosclerosis
High-fat diet
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Hypothyroidism
High levels of Total Cholesterol
119
Made up of 45% cholesterol. transports cholesterol from the liver (where it is formed) and carries it to the cells.
Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL)
120
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
Normal Value
<100 mg/dL
121
Indicates risk for:
Arterial atherosclerosis
Heart Disease
Myocardial infarction
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
122
The body stores fat in the form of this. When lipids are needed for energy, they are broken down and used.
Triglycerides
123
Triglycerides Normal Value
<150 mg/dL
124
Possible cause:
Myocardial infarction
Liver disease
Metabolic disorders
Atherosclerosis
Pancreatitis
Hypothyroidism
Triglycerides
125
Transports cholesterol from the cells & tissues back to the liver (preventing excess amounts in the bloodstream) Clears cholesterol from the blood vessel walls.
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
126
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
Normal Value
Female
>40 mg/dL
127
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
Normal value
Male
>55 mg/dL
128
The pressure in the superior vena cava. It reflects the pressure returning to the right atrium. Measured with a central venous line in the superior vena cava. It's invasive & commonly seen in the ICU.
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
129
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
Normal Value
2 - 8 mm Hg
130
Possible causes:
Hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit)
Hemorrhage
Severe vasodilation
Pooling of blood in the extremities that limits venous return
Decreased Central Venous Pressure (CVP)P
131
Possible causes:
Heart failure
Kidney failure
Hypervolemia (fluid volume overload)
Increased blood volume from sodium & water retention
Excessive IV Fluids
Increased Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
132
Reflects left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
Measured with momentary balloon inflation of the pulmonary artery catheter. It is invasive & commonly seen in the ICU
Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure (PAWP)
133
Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure (PAWP)
Normal Value
4 - 12 mm Hg
134
Possible Causes:
Hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit)
Afterload reduction
Decreased Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure (PAWP)
135
Possible Causes:
Left ventricular failure
Hypervolemia (fluid volume overload)
Mitral regurgitation
Intracardiac shunt
Increased Pulmonary Arterial Wedge Pressure (PAWP)
136
The total volume of blood ejected (pumped) by the heart per minute. It's the amount of blood flow reaching the tissues. Indicates cardiac function.
Cardiac Output (CO)
137
Cardiac Output (CO)
Normal Value
4 - 8 L/min
138
Possible Causes:
Hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit)
Myocardial infarction
Vasodilation
Heart failure
Decreased levels of Cardiac Output (CO)
139
Possible Causes:
Sepsis
Hyperthyroidism
Anemia
Increased levels of Cardiac Output (CO)
140
A peptide is released when the ventricle is filled with too much fluid and stretches. It's a marker for heart failure.
B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
141
B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Normal Level
<100 pg/mL
142
B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Level that HF is suspected
100 - 300 pg/mL
143
B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Level of Mild HF
>300 - 599 pg/mL
144
B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Level of Moderate HF
>600 - 899 pg/mL
145
B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Level of Severe HF
>900 pg/mLP
146
Possible causes:
Congestive heart failure (HF)
Acute myocardial infarction
Diastolic dysfunction
Hypervolemia (fluid volume overload)
Renal failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Increased levels of B-type Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
147
The measurement of the blood that is pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction
Ejection Fraction (EF)
148
Ejection Fraction (EF)
Normal Value
55% - 75%
149
Possible causes:
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Coronary artery disease
Myocardial infarction
Valvular heart disease
Cardiomyopathy
Decrease in Ejection Fraction (EF)
150
The pressure applied to the walls of the arteries during ventricular systole & diastole.
Blood Pressure (BP)
151
Hypotension criteria
Systolic <100
Diastolic <60
152
Normal criteria for blood pressure
Systolic - 120
Diastolic - 80
153
Pre-hypertension criteria
Systolic - 120 - 129
Diastolic - 80 - 89
154
Stage 1 Hypertension criteria
Systolic - 140 - 159
Diastolic - 90 - 99
155
Stage 2 Hypertension criteria
Systolic - >160
Diastolic - > 100
156
Hypertension Crisis criteria
Systolic - >180
Diastolic - >120
157
Possible causes:
Shock
Hemorrhage
Position changes
(postural/orthostatic)
Certain medications (antihypertensives)
Decreased blood pressure
158
Possible Causes:
Unidentified causes:
Race, smoking, family history, increased intake of sodium, etc.
Primary Hypertension
159
Possible Causes:
Identified Causes:
Chronic kidney disease
pregnancy
Cushing syndrome
certain drugs (oral contraceptives)
pheachromocytoma
Secondary Hypertension
160
The average pressure in the systemic circulation (your body) through the cardiac cycle. Indicates perfusion of organs & tissues
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
161
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Normal Value
70 - 100 mm Hg
162
MAP of at least _____ is required to adequately perfuse the vital organs.
60 mm Hg
163
Possible causes:
Hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit)
Hemorrhage
Internal Bleeding
Severe dehydration
Sepsis
MAP < 70
164
Possible Causes:
Hypervolemia (fluid volume overload)
Heart Failure
Heart attack
Kidney failure
MAP > 100
165
A pancreatic enzyme produced in the pancreas and salivary glands. It helps with the digestion of starches (carbohydrates).
Amylase
166
Amylase normal levels
30 - 110 U/L
167
Possible causes:
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas or blockage of the common bile duct (Cholecystitis)
Other pancreatic disorders
Trauma
Pseudocyst
Abcess
Increased levels of Amylase
168
A pancreatic enzyme. It helps with the digestion of fats. A better indicator of pancreatitis because it remains elevated longer.
Lipase
169
Lipase normal level
<200 U/L
170
Possible cause:
Pancreatitis
Inflammation or blockage in the pancreas, pacreatic duct, or common bile duct
Pancreatic cyst
Increased level of Lipase
171
Produced by the liver. It's produced due to the breakdown (hemolysis) of old or damaged red blood cells.
Bilirubin
172
Total Bilirubin Normal Value
0.2 - 1.2 mg/dL
173
Bilirubin excreted through the urine
Conjugated Bilirubin
174
Conjugated Bilirubin normal value
0.1 - 0.4 mg/dL
175
Bilirubin passes to the liver
Unconjugated Bilirubin
176
Unconjugated Bilirubin normal value
0.4 - 1.1 mg/dL
177
Possible causes:
Liver or bile duct dysfunction
Bile duct obstruction
hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Alcoholic liver disease
Hemolysis
Sick cell anemia
Pernicious anemia
hemolytic anemia
Increased level of bilirubin
178
Yellow discoloration of the skin due to high levels of bilirubin.
Jaundice
179
Jaundice is visible when bilirubin is
>2 mg/dL
180
A protein found in the plasma. It maintains the oncotic pressure of the blood. It also helps to transport proteins and hormones. Helps keep fluid in your blood stream.
Albumin
181
Albumin Normal Level
3.5 - 5.5 g/dL
182
Possible causes:
Liver diseases
- Hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Ascites
Kidney diseases
- nephrotic syndrome
Burn injuries
Malnutrition
Malabsorption syndrome
Albumin < 3.5 g/dL
183
Possible causes:
Dehydration
Severe diarrhea
Albumin > 5.5 g/dL
184
A protein made in the liver. It helps make other proteins. Also used to assess the effectiveness of total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
Prealbumin
185
Prealbumin normal level
15 - 36 mg/dL
186
Possible causes:
Malnutrition
Protein depletion
Liver disease
Decreased levels of Prealbumin
187
Possible causes:
Chronic kidney disease
Alcoholism
Increased levels of Prealbumin
188
The byproduct of broken down (metabolized) proteins. Enters the bloodstream, the liver then converts it to urea, and the kidneys remove the urea as urine.
Ammonia (NH3)
189
Ammonia (NH3) normal level
10 - 80 mcg/dL
190
Possible causes:
Liver dysfunction
Liver failure
cirrhosis
Hepatic encephalopathy
Portal hypertension
Reye's syndrome
Ammonia > 80 mcg/dL
191
a common treatment for high levels of ammonia in the blood. It works by causing ammonia to be excreted in the stool.
Lactulose
192
An enzyme found mostly in the liver and heart. It can be seen in the brain, muscles, or kidneys. Helps metabolize amino acids.
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
193
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) normal level
0 - 35 U/L
194
Possible Causes:
Liver dysfunction
Liver disease
hepatotoxic medications
Alcoholism
Myocardial infarction
Kidney disease / infections
Increased level of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
195
If ____ is normal, this means there is a problem other than liver disease, such as damage to another organ (heart, brain, muscles, or the kidneys)
ALT
196
An enzyme found in the liver and kidneys. Helps convert proteins into energy for the liver cells. More specific indicator of liver function.
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
197
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) normal level
0 - 48 U/L
198
Possible causes:
Liver dysfunction
Liver disease
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Acute pancreatitis
Increased level of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
199
An end product of protein metabolism. It is filtered from the blood via the glomerulus.
Creatinine
200
Creatinine Normal Value
0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL
201
Possible causes:
Muscle mass is low
Hyperthyroidism
Starvation
Liver disease
Creatinine < 0.6 mg/dL
202
Possible causes:
Acute or chronic kidney disease
Congestive heart failure
Dehydration
Certain drugs
Creatinine > 1.2 mg/dL
203
A better indicator of kidney function than BUN
Creatinine
204
Critical Care - Nursing
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