Labels

Question 1

Lemert

Answer 1

Chronic stuttering among Inuits (eskimos) in Canada

- pressure of being told not to stutter leads to more stuttering

Question 2

Primary deviance

Answer 2

Rule breaking acts which have been labelled - little consequence on individual

Question 3

Secondary deviance

Answer 3

The consequence of the societal reaction to primary deviance

Question 4

What happens to a person when they are publicly labelled as deviant

Answer 4

People will respond to that individual according to the deviant label that has been attached

• becomes a part of their self-concept
• may lead to the ‘self- fulfilling prophecy’

Question 5

Becker: master status

Answer 5

Personal labelled will be seen in terms of their label only

• becomes their master status
• may cause deviance amplification, individual joins a deviant subculture where the activity can be justified and supported

Question 6

The deviant career

Answer 6

Negative label- self concept- label reinforced- master status- deviant career

Question 7

Cicourel ( middle class)

Answer 7

Middle class youths able to negotiate their way out of trouble and parents can defend their child successfully

Question 8

Media and deviance amplification

Answer 8

Media amplifies crime - demonises deviants and creates moral panics
- Stan Cohen: powerless groups identified as folk devils in an attempt to increase control of the deviance

Question 9

Deviance amplification (steps)

Answer 9

1. Group identified as deviant
2. Media exaggerates creating moral panics
3. Increased social reaction
4. Secondary deviance
5. Police and courts respond
6. More causes found, evidence for concerns around folk devils

Question 10

Jock Young: ‘the drug takers’ hippies in Notting hill

Answer 10

Marijuana use peripheral to the hippies lifestyle

• persecution and labelling by police led to hippies increasingly seeing themselves as outsiders
• they retreated into close groups and developed a deviant subculture
• not the act itself by societies reaction that creates serious deviance

Question 11

‘The drug takers’

Answer 11

Jock young

Question 12

Triplett

Answer 12

Increasing attempts to punish/ control young offenders have the opposite effect

Question 13

Increasing attempts to punish/ control young offenders have the opposite effect

Answer 13

Triplett

Question 14

If negative labelling pushes individuals toward a deviant career…

Answer 14

We should enforce fewer laws for people to break?

Question 15

Braithewaite: shaming

Answer 15

• disintegrative shaming: the crime and the criminal is labelled as bad and the offender is excluded from society
• reintegration shaming labels the act but not the actor
• avoids stigmatising the offender as evil and makes them aware of negative impact of their actions - easier to reintegrate into society

Question 16

Strengths

Answer 16

• doesn’t treat official statistics as facts
• rejects idea that deviants are different to ‘normal’ people
• questions effectiveness of policing/ punishment and bias in law enforcement
• raises issue of power in creating deviance
• considers impact of mass media and society’s reaction to individuals

Question 17

Negatives

Answer 17

Deterministic
Ignores why primary deviance is committed
Emphasis on negative impact of labelling gives offenders a ‘victim’ status:
- ignores real victim
- ignores that some may choose deviance
Marxists: fails to examine links between labelling and capitalism