Labratory

Question 1

Blood Culture Sample Sizes:

• Cats/Small Dogs
• Med Dogs
• Large Dogs

Answer 1

1) Cats/sm dogs - 5ml
2) Med dogs - 10ml
3) Large dogs - 20ml

Question 2

How long is plasma good for once separated at room temp? In the fridge?

What 2 values can be affected if not separated?

Answer 2

Room temp - 8 hours
Fridge - 48 hours

increased ammonia
decreased BG

Question 3

What two lab values can be affected by hemolysis?

Answer 3

Increased K+

Increased lactate

Question 4

If using a blue top tube for platelet estimate, what factor do you multiply it by in order to account for dilution?

Answer 4

Multiply by 1.1

Question 5

Four possible reasons for an elevated PCV?

Answer 5

• Dehydration
• Splenic contraction
• HGE
• Chronic hypoxia

Question 6

Hemoglobin is approximately how much of a PCV?

Answer 6

Hemoglobin is approx 1/3 of PCV

Question 7

MCV

Answer 7

Volume (size)

Question 8

MCH

Answer 8

average HGB per cell - mass

Question 9

MCHC

Answer 9

HGB concentration

how full of color it is!

Question 10

RDW

Answer 10

red cell width (size)

Question 11

Two main changes in stress leukogram (metabolic stress… not physical!)

Answer 11

Stress Leukogram:

• Increased Neuts
• Low Lymphs

Question 12

Name that fluid type

• TP < 2.5g/dl
• Low cell count (<1k)
• Colorless/clear

Answer 12

Transudate

Question 13

Five potential causes of a transudate

Answer 13

• Elevated hydrostatic pressure/dec. osmolality
• Low albumin
• Portal hypertension
• PSS
• Right sided heart failure

Question 14

Name that fluid type!

• TP > 3.0g/dl
• High cell count (>7k)
• Sepsis, sterile peritonitis

Answer 14

exudate

Question 15

Name that fluid!

• TP 2.5-7.5 g/dl
• Cells 1k-7k

Answer 15

modified transudate

Question 16

Three modified transudate examples/causes

Answer 16

• Heart failure
• Cancer
• Inflammation

Question 17

Three common causes of pericardial effusion

Answer 17

• Coagulopathy
• Hemangiosarcoma
• Chemodectoma

Question 18

Joint tap reveals

• TP <2.5g/dl
• <3k cells

Normal or abnormal?

Answer 18

normal! :)

Question 19

Joint tap reveals:
5-10k cells, mostly degenerative neuts
What do you think?

Answer 19

Septic joint!

Question 20

Joint tap reveals:
- 1k-10k normal neuts

Septic or not?

Answer 20

NOT septic. rule outs:

• Lyme
• immune mediated
• lupus

Question 21

Best LNs for diagnostics? Best to avoid submandibular - why?

Answer 21

Best: prescap and popliteal
Submandibular: increased inflammation d/t mouth

Question 22

Lactate urine threshold

Answer 22

6-10mmol/L

Question 23

Lactate mostly from what four areas?

Answer 23

• Skeletal
• Skin
• Brain
• Erythrocytes

Question 24

Lactate Metabolized by what? (1st and 2nd)

Answer 24

1st Liver

2nd Kidneys

Question 25

Type A lactate production (two groups)

Answer 25

1) increased O2 demand (tremors, exercise, Sz, shivering) | 2) decreased DO2 (dec. perfusion, anemia)

Question 26

Type B lactate production (three groups)

Answer 26

B1) dz process (sepsis, cancer, liver dz, pheo, beetus) B2) drugs/toxins B3) metabolic errors

Question 27

If lactate does not begin to correct in _________ hours, prognosis is poor

Answer 27

24-48 hours

Question 28

Rule of thumb for lactate - should decrease by _______ every ______ hours with fluid resuscitation

Answer 28

should decrease by HALF every 1 - 2 hours with fluid resuscitation

Question 29

How long can it take to see regeneration of RBCS on film?

Answer 29

three days

Question 30

Acanthocytes are suggestive of ______ dz

Answer 30

Liver

Question 31

Increased nRBCS but no polychromatophils is indicative of what? What are two causes?

Answer 31

Bone marrow damage - Lead poisoning (dogs usually) - Feline leukemia

Question 32

schistocytes are caused by *mechanical* hemolysis - two examples

Answer 32

turbulent vessels - DIC - hemangio

Question 33

retics >80,000 indicative of what?

Answer 33

regeneration

Question 34

retics > 200,000 consider what?

Answer 34

consider hemolysis

Question 35

lymphocytes have how long life?

Answer 35

long life - like a year

Question 36

lymphocytes T-cells come from where and activate what?

Answer 36

thymus - cytokines

Question 37

lymphocytes B-cells come from where and deal with what?

Answer 37

bone marrow - antibodies