LABS

Question 1

Label the bones/joints of the canine skull. (1-10, red & green circles)

Answer 1

1. Nasal bone
2. Incisive bone
3. Maxilla
4. Orbit
5. Lacrimal
6. Frontal bone
7. Parietal
8. Occipital bone
9. Temporal
10. Zygomatic arch
    Red: TMJ
    Green: Tympanic bullae

Question 2

Where should you measure the skull for lateral skull radiographs?

Answer 2

The widest width of the cranium

Question 3

Where should you center the beam when taking lateral skull radiographs?

Answer 3

Lateral canthus the of the eye

Question 4

If the patient is in right lateral recumbency, which tympanic bullae is the point of interest?

Answer 4

Left

Question 5

T/F: You only need one marker when taking a lateral oblique of the tympanic bullae

Answer 5

False! Mark which side is down, and which bullae is being visualized

Question 6

What does the skyline skull view image show us?

Answer 6

Foramen magnum & Frontal sinuses

Question 7

Technique problems are things such as…

Answer 7

Over/under exposure (kVp/mAs)

Question 8

What does the open-mouth nasal view image show us?

Answer 8

The nasal sinuses

Question 9

When is a frog-legged view utilized?

Answer 9

Patients with trauma suspected or older patients.

Question 10

What is the difference between M-mode & B-mode on the ultrasound?

Answer 10

B-mode:
- “Brightness”
- Real-time imaging
- Shows motion at that moment

M-mode:
- Shows motion of the organ overtime
- Allows measurement of the organ

Question 11

What is white on an ultrasound? Black?

Answer 11

White: Solids (ex: uroliths)
Black: Fluids

Question 12

Why is there no image beyond a solid on an ultrasound (ex: uroliths)? What is the black shadow beyond the solid called?

Answer 12

• Solids “bounce” back the ultrasonic sounds back to the receiver completely, so there is no penetration.
• Acoustic shadow

Question 13

Probe types:
1. Linear probes
2. Curvilinear probes

Answer 13

1. Flat array & appearance.
   - Higher freq & are used to scan small parts & shadow structures near the surface like the uterus when viewed thru the rectum.
2. Curved array the allows for wider field of view at a lower freq
   - Convex probes are primarily used for abdominal scans due to their wider depth & deeper penetration.

Question 14

How does an ultrasound generate an image?

Answer 14

High frequency sound waves generated by the transducer, bounce off an object & return to the piezoelectric crystals creating an image.

Question 15

Three steps for caring for an ultrasound

Answer 15

1. Use proper cleaning materials/wipes (dilute alc 10%)
2. Keep probe in rack when not in hand
3. Wipe gel off from probe after each use
4. Dust cover on machine

Question 16

What should be included when describing a fracture? (6)

Answer 16

1. Right or left
2. Front or rear
3. Location on region/bone
4. Open/closed
5. Type of fracture (spiral, transverse, etc)
6. Bone it’s on

Question 17

What are three ways a contrast agent might get on fur, cassette, or x-ray table during a contrast study?

Answer 17

1. Patient urinates out contrast
2. Spills out from patients mouth while administering
3. Vomiting

Question 18

List three ways (forms) contrast agent can be utilized for an esophagram

Answer 18

1. Liquid
2. Paste
3. Liquid mixed with canned food

Question 19

What conditions would a DVM be evaluating for while performing an arthogram? (4)

Answer 19

Articular cartilage, joint space, &/or joint capsule.
- OCD

Question 20

How to leak test an endoscope: (4)

Answer 20

1. Pressurize the endoscope for 160mmHg
2. Wait for 10 seconds
   - If it doesn’t hold, it has failed the leak test.
3. Immerse tip in water & observe for continuous stream of bubbles
4. Flex bending part to expose hidden leaks

Question 21

Describe correct handling of endoscopically acquired GI biopsies (3)

Answer 21

1. Collected 5-6 samples
2. Immediately place in formalin
3. Samples collected from multiple (4-5) areas

Question 22

Why are skull radiographs commonly performed in horses? (3)

Answer 22

Sinuses, trauma, teeth

Question 23

Why are oblique views of the skull routinely performed in horses?

Answer 23

Visualize tooth roots without superimposition

Question 24

What is the unique feature of the foal skull compared to an adult?

Answer 24

Buds where adult teeth will come from
- Cup on teeth

Question 25

What are three atomical parts that need to be included in an equine Mediolateral view of the fetlock? Where should the beam be centered?

Answer 25

1. Long pastern 2. Cannon 3. Sesamoid bones Center: Fetlock

Question 26

How do you achieve an excellent T-L space view in both positions? (6)

Answer 26

1. Vertebral column parallel to tabletop 2. Transverse process perpendicular to tabletop 3. Measure & center at T-L junction 4. Foam wedge under sternum 5. Trough center spine 6. Collimate down to two neighboring vertebrae of one of interest

Question 27

Steps utilized for cleaning the endoscope

Answer 27

1. All removable parts removed & cleaned with cotton/gauze. Air blown thru & air dried. 2. Lots of fresh water suctioned thru channels after use & brush. 3. Use chemical agents specific to manufacture instructions. 4. Seal all parts before submerging!