Q: What are the two closely linked cognitive processes discussed?
A: Language and thought.
Q: What does cognitive psychology focus on?
A: The inner workings of the human brain and thought processes (cognition).
Name three aspects of cognitive processes.
A: Attention, reasoning, and decision-making.
Q: Why are language and cognition important for humans?
A: Human language is highly evolved and supports efficient cognitive processes like problem-solving, decision-making, and reasoning.
Q: What are the primary components of thought processes?
A: Thinking, planning, and problem-solving.
Q: What are the two types of concepts?
A: Logical concepts and natural concepts.
Q: What is a prototype in cognitive psychology?
A: The best example of a natural concept.
: What is visual thinking?
A: The use of mental imagery to form, recreate, and place items in their proper relation.
Q: What are the two visual imagery systems?
A: Visual spatial imagery (“Where”) and visual object imagery (“What”).
Q: What is the visuospatial sketchpad used for?
A: Scanning and briefly storing visual information.
Q: What did Roger Sheppard’s mental rotation task reveal?
A: The greater the orientation difference between two shapes, the longer it takes to determine if they are the same.
Q: Name three cognitive processes involved in decision-making.
A: Reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Q: What is formal reasoning?
A: Reasoning where all necessary information is provided, such as in a math test.
Q: How does everyday reasoning differ from formal reasoning?
A: It involves modifying plans based on experience or new information.
Q: What is confirmation bias in decision-making?
A: The tendency to confirm what you already know.
Q: Define the representative heuristic.
A: Matching evidence or information to the most likely explanation.
Q: What is the base-rate fallacy?
A: Reaching the wrong conclusion based on faulty assumptions of event likelihood.
Q: What is the base-rate fallacy?
A: Reaching the wrong conclusion based on faulty assumptions of event likelihood.
Q: What are the five steps in problem-solving?
A: Identifying the problem, proposing solutions, evaluating solutions, selecting the best solution, and testing it.
Q: What is an algorithm in problem-solving?
A: A systematic procedure that investigates all possible solutions.
Q: Define heuristics in problem-solving.
A: Rules or strategies that limit the number of possible solutions.
Q: What is the availability heuristic?
A: Decisions are based on how common or available an event is believed to be.
Q: What is functional fixedness?
A: The inability to see an object as having a use other than its intended purpose.
Q: What does risk-aversion refer to?
A: The tendency to avoid risks and seek the best outcome, especially in money matters.
